Mechanisms of Vascular Disease A Textbook for Vascular Specialists

739 Pages·2020·17.059 MB·English

by  Robert Fitridge (editor)

Mechanisms
of Vascular Disease
A Textbook for Vascular Specialists
Robert Fitridge
Editor
Third Edition
123
Mechanisms of Vascular Disease
Robert Fitridge
Editor
Mechanisms of Vascular
Disease
A Textbook for Vascular Specialists
3 rd Edition
Editor
Robert Fitridge
Discipline of Surgery
The University of Adelaide
Adelaide, SA
Australia
ISBN 978-3-030-43682-7 ISBN 978-3-030-43683-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43683-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2007, 2011, 2020
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Contents
1 Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ran Wei, Paul M. Kerr, Stephen L. Gust, Raymond Tam, and
Frances Plane
2 Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Sanuja Fernando, Christina A. Bursill, Stephen J. Nicholls,
and Peter J. Psaltis
3 Mechanisms of the Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque
and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Khizar Rana, Stephen J. Nicholls, and Johan W. Verjans
4 Current and Emerging Therapies for Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Adam J. Nelson and Stephen J. Nicholls
5 Pathophysiology of Angiogenesis and Its Role
in Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Nathan K. P. Wong, Emma L. Solly, Christina A. Bursill, Joanne
T. M. Tan, and Martin K. C. Ng
6 Vascular Biology of Smooth Muscle Cells and Restenosis . . . . . . . . . 117
Victoria Nankivell, Khalia Primer, Achini Vidanapathirana, Peter
Psaltis, and Christina Bursill
7 Vascular Haemodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Shirley Jansen, Michael Lawrence-Brown, Siamak Mishani,
Christopher Lagat, Brian Evans, Kurt Liffman, and Ilija D. Šutalo
8 Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Arterial System:
Implications for Vascular Disease and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Siamak Mishani, Shirley Jansen, Michael Lawrence-Brown,
Christopher Lagat, and Brian Evans
v
vi Contents
9 Physiological Haemostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Simon McRae
10 Hypercoagulable States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Simon J. McRae
11 Platelets in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Disease
and Their Role as a Therapeutic Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
James McFadyen and Karlheinz Peter
12 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Pathology and Progress Towards
a Medical Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Joseph V. Moxon, Smriti M. Krishna, Tejas P. Singh, and Jonathan
Golledge
13 Pathophysiology and Principles of Management of Hereditary
Aneurysmal Aortopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Mèlanie H. A. M. Perik, Aline Verstraeten, and Bart L. Loeys
14 Pathophysiology, Classification and Principles of Management
of Acute Aortic Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Mark Hamilton
15 Biomarkers in Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Ashraf Cadersa and Ian M. Nordon
16 Pathophysiology and Principles of Management of Vasculitis
and Fibromuscular Dysplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Maureen Rischmueller, Sarah Downie-Doyle, and Robert Fitridge
17 Sepsis and Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Benjamin Reddi
18 Pathophysiology of Reperfusion Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Prue Cowled and Robert Fitridge
19 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome and Open Abdomen
Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Martin Björck
20 Pathophysiology and Management of Limb Compartment
Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
David Lindström and Carl-Magnus Wahlgren
21 Pathophysiology of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Stephan A. Schug
22 Post Amputation Pain Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Stephan A. Schug
Contents vii
23 Treatment of Neuropathic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Stephan A. Schug
24 Pathophysiology of Varicose Veins, Chronic Venous Insufficiency
and Venous Ulceration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Manj S. Gohel
25 Pathophysiology of Wound Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Stuart J. Mills, Ben R. Hofma, and Allison J. Cowin
26 Pathophysiology and Principles of Management
of the Diabetic Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Guilherme Pena, David G. Armstrong, Joseph L. Mills,
and Robert Fitridge
27 Lymphoedema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Matt Waltham and Kristiana Gordon
28 Graft Materials: Present and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Mital Desai and George Hamilton
29 Vascular Graft Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Mauro Vicaretti
30 Radiation Physics and Biological Effects of Radiation
in Vascular Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Joseph Dawson and Stephan Haulon
31 Radiation Stewardship: Radiation Exposure, Protection
and Safety in Contemporary Endovascular Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Joseph Dawson and Stephan Haulon
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Abbreviations
18 F-FDG Fluorodeoxyglucose
18 F-FDG PET-CT 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/
computed tomography
18 F-NaF Sodium fluoride
3 D-IF 3D-image fusion
5 -HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine (also known as serotonin)
α-SMA Alpha-smooth muscle actin
AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm
AAS Acute aortic syndrome
AASV Anterior accessory saphenous veins
AAV ANCA-associated vasculitides
ABC Automatic brightness control
ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
ABCG1 ATP-binding cassette transporter G1
ABI Ankle-brachial index
AC Abdominal compliance
ACE Angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS Acute coronary syndrome
ACS Abdominal compartment syndrome
ACT Acceptance and commitment therapy
Acta2 Smooth muscle α-actin
ACTA2 Actin alpha 2 gene
ADA2 Adenosine deaminase-2
ADAMTS13 Disintegrin and metalloprotease with a thrombospondin
type 1 motif, member 13
ADAMTS3 Disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin
motifs-3 protease
ADP Adenosine diphosphate
AGE Advanced glycated end-products
AK Above-knee
AKI Acute kidney injury
ix
x Abbreviations
ALARA As low as reasonably achievable
ALCS Acute limb compartment syndrome
AMP Adenosine monophosphate
AMPA α-Amino-3 hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole receptors
ANA Antinuclear antibodies
ANCA Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Ang Angiopoietin
AngII Angiotensin II
Anti-GBM Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease
AP Antero-posterior
AP-1 Activating protein-1
APC Activated protein C
APLAS Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
apoA-I Apolipoprotein A-I
apoB Apolipoprotein B
ApoE Apolipoprotein E
APP Abdominal perfusion pressure
ARCL1 Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1
ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ASCVD Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
AT Antithrombin
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ATS Arterial tortuosity syndrome
AVG Arteriovenous grafts
AZA Azathioprine
BAPN 3-Aminopropionitrile
BAV Bicuspid aortic valve
BC Boundary conditions
BC Bacterial cellulose
BCL-2 B-cell lymphoma-2
BCRL Breast cancer-related lymphoedema
BD Behcet’s disease
BEIR VII Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII Committee
BEVAR Branched endovascular aneurysm repair
BGN Biglycan gene
BK Below-knee
BKCa Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel
BMI Body mass index
BMP Bone morphogenetic protein
BNC Bacterial nanocellulose
BTK Bruton tyrosine kinase
BVS Bioresorbable vascular scaffold
C-ANCA Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
CAA Coronary artery aneurysms
CAC Coronary artery calcification
Abbreviations xi
CAD Coronary artery disease
CAD Computer-aided design
CAK Cumulative air kerma
CAM Calmodulin
cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CBCT Cone-beam CT
CBD Cannabidiol
CCA Clonal chromosomal abnormalities
CCK Cholecystokinin
CCL5 C-C motif chemokine ligand 5
CCTA Coronary computed topographic angiography
CD36 Cluster of differentiation-36
Cdc42 Cell division cycle 42
CDs Clusters of differentiation
CE-MRA Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography
CEA Carotid endarterectomy
CEAP Clinical, etiological, anatomical, pathophysiological
CEMRI Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
CETP Cholesteryl ester transfer protein
CFD Computational fluid dynamics
cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
CGRP Calcitonin gene-related peptide
CHCC Chapel Hill Consensus Conference
CKD Chronic kidney disease
CLI Critical limb ischaemia
CMR Cardiac magnetic resonance
CNC Cardiac neural crest
CNCP Chronic noncancer pain
cNOS Constitutive nitric oxide synthase
CNS Central nervous system
CO Carbon monoxide
COX Cyclo-oxygenase
COX-1 Cyclooxygenase-1
COX-2 Cyclo-oxygenase-2
CPIs Checkpoint inhibitors
CRC Colorectal cancer
CRM Crew resource management (CRM)
CRP C-Reactive protein
CRPS Complex regional pain syndromes
CRRETAWAC Cysteine‐arginine‐arginine‐glutamic acid‐threonine‐
alanine‐tryptophan‐cysteine peptide
CSE Cystathionine γ-lase
CT Computerised tomography
CTA Coronary tomography angiography
CTLA4 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4