Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation VII: Molecular Determinants of Microbial Immunity

221 Pages·1998·15.437 MB·English

by  P. V. Sivakumar, N. S. Williams, I. J. Puzanov, J. D. Schatzle, M. Bennett, V. Kumar (auth.), Sudhir Gupta, Alan Sher, Rafi Ahmed (eds.)

MECHANISMS OF
LYMPHOCYTE
ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE
REGULATION VII
Molecular Determinants of Microbial Immunity
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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MECHANISMS OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION VII:
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MECHANISMS OF
LYMPHOCYTE
ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE
REGULATION VII
Molecular Determinants of Microbial Immunity
Edited by
Sudhir Gupta
University of California, Irvine
lrvine, California
Alan Sher
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
and
RafiAhmed
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Llbrary of Congrass Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data
Mechantsms of lyaphocyte actlvatton and tm.une regulatton VII:
molecular qetermtnants of mtcrobtal tmmuntty / edtted by Sudhtr
Gupta. Alan Sher. and Raft Ahmed.
p. em. -- (Advanees tn expertmental medtetne and btology v.
452)
Ineludes btbltographteal referenees and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-7443-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-5355-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7
1. Immune responsa--Regulatton--Congresses. 2. Natural t •• unlty
-Congresses. 3. Baetertal dtseases--I.munologteal aspeets-
-Congressas. 1. Gupta. Sudhtr. II. Sher. Alan. III. Ahmed. Raft.
IV. Sertes.
ORI86.M42 1998
616.07'95--dc21 98-40455
CIP
Proceedings ofthe Seventh International Conference on Lyrnphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation,
held February 6 - 8, 1998, at Newport Beach, California
ISBN 978-1-4613-7443-5
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Origina11y published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998
http://www.plenum.com
10987654321
AII rights reserved
No part ofthis book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
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PREFACE
During the last decade, rapid progress has been made in the area of microbial immu
nity. New conceptual frameworks have emerged with regard to the processing and presen
tation of peptides and nonpeptide antigens from microbes, especially bacteria, to T cells in
the context of classical MHC class I and nonconventional MHC I molecules. Experimen
tal models have been instrumental in defining some of these pathways for generating pro
tective immune responses against microbes, which form the basis for the design of new
vaccines. New evidence has stressed the importance of innate immunity in microbial in
fections. The concept of dichotomy within T helper cells has revealed the role of these cell
types in resistance and susceptibility to microbial-mediated pathology. These latest devel
opments in microbial immunity are discussed in this volume.
Natural killer cell development is known to be regulated by the presence of MHC
class I antigens. Receptors for MHC class I molecules on NK cells have been discovered.
Interaction of these receptors with their specific ligands leads to inhibition of cytotoxicity.
Vinay Kumar and colleagues review NK cell differentiation and ontogeny, and functions
of NK cells in experimental animals. Lewis Lanier discusses the role of a newly discov
ered molecule, DAP 12, in KIR and other receptor-mediated signal transduction in NK
cells. Eric Long describes the regulation of immune response by inhibitory receptors. Re
cent studies of the role of epithelial yo T cells, in addition to specific immune regulation,
in innate immune response are discussed by Wendy Havran and associates.
The role ofCD4+ Thl and Th2 cells in the susceptibility and resistance to microbes,
especially to protozoan, has been reviewed. Keats Nelms and colleagues provide an ac
count of the molecular steps in signaling via IL-4 receptor and the biological significance
of IL-4-IL-4R interactions. Richard Locksley et al. review the mechanisms, including the
role of genetic factors, of the differentiation of naive T helper cells into cytokine effector
cells. Thl responses confer resistance, whereas Th2 responses confer susceptibility to L.
major. Jacques Louis and his colleagues discuss the effector functions of Thl cells and
early events in the development of Th2 cells in murine model of L. major. Robert Coff
man and Amy Beebe review the genetic control of T cell responses to L. major infection,
and Edward Pearce and colleagues present data on the induction and function of Th2 cells
during S. mansoni infection.
The general paradigm is that intracellular bacteria elicit Th I response; however, Ste
fan Kaufmann et al. have provided data, in experimental model systems, to suggest that
IL-4 (Th2 response) is produced as an early response to several intracellular bacteria, fol
lowed by prolonged Thl response. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are elicited in
v
vi Preface
response to M tuberculosis. Barry Bloom and his colleagues provide new data for the role
of cytotoxic T cells in resistance to M. tuberculosis. Alan Sher and colleagues emphasize
the role of dendritic cells in the initiation of host resistance to T. gondii. Michael Bevan,
Rafi Ahmed, Christine Biron, and their colleagues discuss immune responses to viral in
fections. They present data regarding the role and dynamics of CD8+ T cells in infection
with LCMV, and review endogenous innate cytokines during early viral infection and the
role these cytokines play in promoting cell-mediated immunity.
During the last four years, major advances have been made in understanding the im
munopathogenesis of HIV infection. Edward Berger reviews the discovery of chemokine
receptors (co-receptors for HIV entry and tropism), expansion of co-receptor repertoire,
and the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV fusion and tropism. Bruce Walker and as
sociates discuss various HIV-I-specific responses in relation to progressive and nonpro
gressive HIV infection. In addition to the well-recognized role of neutralizing antibodies
and cytotoxic T cells, they provide convincing evidence for the role of p24-specific T
helper cells in the control of HIV infection. The SIV monkey model has provided most
valuable information regarding mucosal transmission of HI V infection. Marian Neutra, us
ing experimental model systems, shows local induction of specific IgG and secretory IgA
response and demonstrates a role for M cells in pathogen entry. Norman Letvin and col
leagues elucidate the development ofSIV-specific CD8+ T cells during primary SIV infec
tion in monkeys.
Rapid understanding of the nature of determinants that dictate the immunogenicity
and specificity of immune response has contributed to the area of vaccine development.
Douglas Fearon discusses the role of non structural determinants of antigen in regulating B
cell activation mediated by B cell co-receptors CDI9, CD21, and CD22. DNA vaccines,
which differ from traditional vaccines, have been shown to elicit effective T cell and B
cell responses and have been instrumental in evaluating mechanisms of induction of im
mune response. Margaret Liu and her colleagues review various types of DNA vaccines
and the mechanisms for the generation of specific immune response. Louis Miller and as
sociates discuss the status of vaccines against Falciparum malaria, and John Robbins and
colleagues provide evidence for and highlight the fact that not all virulence factors are
protective antigens in immunity to pertussis.
This book should be of interest primarily to researchers in immunology, microbiol
ogy, and vaccine development. It should also be of interest to academic pediatricians and
internists specializing in infectious diseases and immunology.
The editors extend thanks to Miss Nancy 1. Doman for her excellent secretarial as
sistance.
Sudhir Gupta
Alan Sher
RafiAhmed
CONTENTS
INNATE DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1. Development of Self-Recognition Systems in Natural Killer Cells .......... .
P. V. Sivakumar, N. S. Williams, I. 1. Puzanov, 1. D. Schatzle, M. Bennett,
and V. Kumar
2. Activating and Inhibitory NK Cell Receptors 13
Lewis L. Lanier
3. Regulation ofImmune Responses by Inhibitory Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Eric O. Long
4. Innate Functions of Epithelial yo T Cells ................................ 29
Wendy L. Havran, Yaping Chen, and Richard Boismenu
EFFECTOR CHOICE
5. Interleukin-4 Receptor Signalling Mechanisms and Their Biological Significance 37
Keats Nelms, Hua Huang, John Ryan, Achsah Keegan, and William E. Paul
6. Development of CD4+ Effector T Cells and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases 45
Richard M. Locksley, Deborah 1. Fowell, Kanade Shinkai, Adil E. Wakil,
Dee Lacy, and Mark Bix
7. Anti-Leishmania Effector Functions of CD4+Thl Cells and Early Events
Instructing Th2 Cell Development and Susceptibility to Leishmania major
in BALB/c Mice .............................................. 53
Jacques A. Louis, Fatima Conceir;ao-Silva, Hayo Himmelrich,
Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier, and Pascal Launois
8. Genetic Control of the T Cell Response to Leishmania major Infection. . . . . . . . 61
Robert L. Coffman and Amy M. Beebe
9. The Initiation and Function ofTh2 Responses during Infection with
Schistosoma mansoni .......................................... 67
Edward 1. Pearce, Anne La Flamme, Elizabeth Sabin, and Laura Rosa Brunet
vii
viii Contents
REGULATION OF HOST RESISTANCE TO INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS
10. Interleukin-4 Production in Response to Infection with Intracellular Bacteria. . . 75
Helen Collins, Inge E. A. Flesch, Masashi Emoto, and Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
11. Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Resistance to Tuberculosis ................... 85
Richard 1. Mazzaccaro, Steffen Stenger, Kenneth L. Rock,
Steven A. Porcelli, Michael B. Brenner, Robert L. Modlin, and
Barry R. Bloom
12. The Role of Dendritic Cells in the Initiation of Host Resistance to Toxoplasma
gondii . . .... ...... .... .. ... . .. . ........... .... .. .... .. . .. . ... 103
Alan Sher, Sara Hieny, Hugues Charest, Tanya Scharton-Kersten,
Carmen Collazo, Ronald N. Germain, and Caetano Reis e Sousa
13. Dynamics of the CD8+ T Cell Response during Acute LCMV Infection. . . . . . . 111
Eric Butz and Michael 1. Bevan
14. In Vivo Dynamics of Anti-Viral CD8 T Cell Responses to Different Epitopes:
An Evaluation of Bystander Activation in Primary and Secondary
Responses to Viral Infection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Kaja Murali-Krishna, John D. Altman, M. Suresh, David Sourdive,
Allan Zajac, and Rafi Ahmed
15. Early Cytokine Responses to Viral Infections and Their Roles in Shaping
Endogenous Cellular Immunity .................................. 143
Christine A. Biron, Leslie P. Cousens, Melanie C. Ruzek, Helen C. Su, and
Thais P. Salazar-Mather
IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF HIV-l INFECTION
16. HIV Entry and Tropism: When One Receptor Is Not Enough. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Edward A. Berger
17. Immune Control of HI V-I Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Bruce D. Walker, Eric S. Rosenberg, Christine M. Hay, Nes1i Basgoz, and
OttoO. Yang
18. HIV Transmission and Immune Protection at Mucosal Surfaces 169
Marian R. Neutra
19. The CD8+ T Lymphocyte Response during Primary SIVmac Infection ........ 177
Norman L. Letvin, Yasuhiro Yasutomi, Ling Shen, Keith A. Reimann,
Zheng Wei Chen, Jom E. Schmitz, and Marcelo J. Kuroda
NEW APPROACHES TO VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
20. Non-Structural Determinants ofImmunogenicity and the B Cell Co-Receptors,
CDl9, CD21, and CD22 ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Douglas T. Fearon
Contents ix
21. DNA Vaccines: Mechanisms for Generation of Immune Responses . . . . . . . . . . . 187
M. A. Liu, T.-M. Fu, J. J. Donnelly, M. J. Caulfield, and J. B. Ulmer
22. Vaccines against the Blood Stages of Falciparum Malaria .................. 193
Louis H. Miller, Michael F. Good, and David C. Kaslow
23. Immunity to Pertussis: Not All Virulence Factors Are Protective Antigens 207
John B. Robbins, Rachel Schneerson, Dolores A. Bryla, Birger Trollfors,
John Taranger, and Teresa Lagergdrd
Index. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . ... .. .... .. . .. . . . . . . . ..... ... . . . . . . . . . .. 219
MECHANISMS OF
LYMPHOCYTE
ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE
REGULATION VII
Molecular Determinants of Microbial Immunity