Mechanisms, Models, and Tools for Flexible Protocol Development and Accurate Network ...

244 Pages·2010·2.63 MB·English

by  Olaf Landsiedel

Mechanisms, Models, and Tools for
Flexible Protocol Development and
Accurate Network Experimentation
VonderFakult¨atfu¨rMathematik,InformatikundNaturwissenschaften
derRWTHAachenUniversityzurErlangungdesakademischenGrades
einesDoktorsderNaturwissenschaftengenehmigteDissertation
vorgelegtvon
M.S.ComputerScience(USA)
Olaf Landsiedel
ausMainz
Berichter:
Prof.Dr.-Ing. KlausWehrle
Prof.PhD AnthonyD.Joseph
Tagdermu¨ndlichenPru¨fung: 22. M¨arz2010
DieseDissertationistaufdenInternetseitenderHochschulbibliothekonlineverfu¨gbar.
WICHTIG: D 82 überprüfen !!!
Reports on Communications and Distributed Systems
edited by
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Wehrle
Communication and Distributed Systems,
RWTH Aachen University
Volume 1
Olaf Landsiedel
Mechanisms, Models, and Tools
for Flexible Protocol Development and
Accurate Network Experimentation
Shaker Verlag
Aachen 2010
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet
at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Zugl.: D 82 (Diss. RWTH Aachen University, 2010)
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Acknowledgements
First of all, I want to thank Klaus for hiring me as a young, green PhD student.
Thank you for advising me and giving me the opportunity to work in your group.
Thecreativeatmosphere,trust,andindependenceallowedmetorealizeideas,gather
experience,andtodevelopasaperson. Iwasallowedtotry,tofail,andsometimes
tosucceed.
WorkingwithKlausintroducedmetomanydifferentareasincomputernetworking
andIestablishedawidebackgroundandexperience. Ibelievethatthiswideexperi-
encewasakeyrequirementforthisthesis,asmyworkaddressesgenerictechniques
forprotocoldevelopmentandevaluation. However,doingaPhDismuchmorethan
research: Iwasintroducedtoteaching,advisingthesisstudents,paperandproposal
writing,andorganization. Yet,Istilldonotknowhowtomakecoffee.
I want to thank all colleagues for making this group such a pleasant environment
for research and for the great years in Aachen and Tu¨bingen. Special thanks go
to Hamad, Stefan, Georg, Jo, Tobi, and Raimondas for the long discussions and
jointworkonmanyideas. Furthermore,Iwanttothankallmythesisstudentsand
Hiwis: Withoutyouthisworkwouldnothavebeenpossible. Iamhappythatmany
ofyougotinterestedinresearchandveryproudthatsomeofyouevenbecamemy
colleaguesandarenowworkingintheDistributedSystemsGroup.
Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their love, friendship, and
support. Especially, I thank my wife Anna for her love, support, kindness, and
understanding.
ThankyouallformanywonderfulyearsasaPhDstudent.
Curriculum Vitae
About Me
Name Landsiedel
Forename Olaf
Dateofbirth 2ndofMarch1979
Placeofbirth Mainz,Germany
Nationality German
Education
HighSchool
1989-1998 GymnasiumAltenholz
Abitur: June1998
University
10/1999-07/2002 Christian-Albrechts-Universit¨atzuKiel
Major: ComputerScience(Minor: Business)
Pre-Diploma: 2001
University
7/2002-12/2003 UniversityofKansas
DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience
Degree: MSComputerScience,withhonors
PhDStudent
3/2004-4/2006 UniversityofTu¨bingen
ProtokollEngineeringundVerteilteSysteme
Advisor: Dr.-Ing.KlausWehrle
PhDStudent
5/2006-2/2010 RWTHAachenUniversity
LuFGInformatikIV-VerteilteSysteme
Advisor: Prof.Dr.-Ing.KlausWehrle
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ProblemStatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 DiversityandCustomizationofCommunicationProtocols . . 2
1.1.2 ComplexityofProtocolEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 LackofRealismandAccuracyinNetworkSimulation . . . . . 4
1.2 ObjectivesandContributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 RapidProtocolDevelopmentfromMicroProtocols . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 FlexibleNetworkExperimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 AccurateSimulationthroughFine-GrainedCalibration . . . . 6
1.3 Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Fundamentals and Analysis 9
2.1 TheInternet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 InternetArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 ProtocolsintheEarlyInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 IncreasingProtocolDiversityandFunctionality . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 ProtocolDiversityintoday’sInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 RapidProtocolDevelopmentfromMicroProtocols . . . . . . 14
2.2.3 StateoftheArt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 DiversityofPlatformsandTools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 ProtocolDevelopmentCycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.3 FlexibleNetworkExperimentationthroughPlatformAbstrac-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.4 StateoftheArt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 InaccuracyinNetworkSimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.1 ChallengesinNetworkSimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 AccurateSimulationthroughFine-GrainedCalibration . . . . 25
2.4.3 StateoftheArt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 Micro-Protocols as Substrate for Protocol Composition 29
3.1 ComponentModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.1 GranularityofModularization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.2 MicroProtocols: OuterLayeroftheComponentModel . . . . 31
3.1.3 Configurations: TheInnerLayeroftheComponentModel . . 34
3.1.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2 CaseStudy: MicroProtocolsandConfigurationsinTransportProtocols 38
3.2.1 WidespreadTransportProtocols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.2 DetectionofPacketLoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.3 ReliableCommunication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.4 RoundTripTimeEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.5 CongestionControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.6 FlowControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.7 WindowManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2.8 ExplicitCongestionNotification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.9 FurtherMicro-Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3 ComposingTransportProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.1 TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.2 DatagramCongestionControlProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.3 StreamControlTransmissionProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3.4 FurtherTransportProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.1 FlexibleCompositionofProtocolMechanisms . . . . . . . . . 77
3.4.2 ProtocolExperimentationandHypotheticalProtocols. . . . . 82
3.4.3 InternetProtocolStacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.4.4 EvaluationofReuseinProtocolCompositions . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.5 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.5.1 ModularCommunicationSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.5.2 ModularandConfigurableNetworkProtocols . . . . . . . . . 91
3.5.3 ConfigurableTransportProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.6.1 FutureDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.6.2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4 Protocol Factory 97
4.1 IntroducingtheProtocolFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.1.1 SoftwareArchitectureforMicroProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.1.2 VirtualPlatformforExperimentation(VIPE) . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2 SoftwareArchitectureforMicroProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.1 DesignGoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.2 AnalysisofDesignChoices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2.3 ModulesasFunctionalBuildingBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.4 ProtocolComposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2.5 DynamicProtocolCompositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.2.6 AuxiliaryFunctionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.2.7 OptimizingProtocolStacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2.8 ProFabToolChain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.9 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.3 AVirtualPlatformforNetworkExperimentation . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.3.1 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.3.2 OverviewandGoals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3.3 ArchitectureoftheVirtualPlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.3.4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.4.1 VirtualPlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.4.2 SoftwareArchitectureforMicroProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4.3 OverallPerformanceofProFab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.5 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.5.1 SoftwareArchitecturesforCommunicationProtocols . . . . . 135
4.5.2 VirtualPlatform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.6.1 ProtocolExperimentationwithProFab . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.6.2 LimitationsandLessonsLearned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.6.3 FutureDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5 Simulation Calibration 143
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.1.1 ChallengesinNetworkSimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.1.2 WirelessSensorNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.2 ModelingEnergyinWirelessSensorNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.2.1 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.2.2 AEON’sEnergyModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.3 EvaluatingTinyOSandApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.2.4 EnergyProfiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.2.5 AEONandPowerTossim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.3 AccurateTimeinNetworkSimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.3.2 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.3.3 EnablingTimeAccuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.3.4 ImplementingTimeAccuracyinTinyOS . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.3.5 EvaluatingTimeTOSSIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.3.6 FutureWork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.3.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.4 ConcludingSimulationCalibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6 Conclusion 177
6.1 ResultsAchieved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.2 FutureDirections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.3 FinalRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Bibliography 181
A Generic Micro Protocols in Network Protocols 211
A.1 MicroProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
A.1.1 ProtocolOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
A.1.2 Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
A.1.3 LoopDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
A.1.4 FragmentationandReassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
A.1.5 MessageIntegrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
A.1.6 MultiplexingandDemultiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
A.1.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
A.2 CompositionofNetworkLayerProtocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
A.2.1 GenericNetwork-LayerProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
A.2.2 IPv4,IPv6andIPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
A.2.3 DiscussiononComposedNetworkProtocols . . . . . . . . . . 232
A.3 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234