Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines: Volume 1 Buckling and Collapse

415 Pages·2007·8.137 MB·English

by  Stelios Kyriakides, Edmundo Corona

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Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines
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Tothememoryofourfathers,
KyriakosC.Kyriakides
and
Dr.AntonioCorona.
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Mechanics of Offshore
Pipelines
Vol. I Buckling and Collapse
by
Stelios Kyriakides
The University of Texas at Austin
and
Edmundo Corona
University of Notre Dame
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • NewYork • Oxford
Paris • SanDiego • SanFrancisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
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Elsevier
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Firstedition2007
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verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Kyriakides,S.
Mechanicsofoffshorepipelines
Vol.1:Bucklingandcollapse 1. Petroleumpipelines 2. Naturalgaspipelines
3. Underwaterpipelines
I. Title II. Corona,Edmundo
665.5(cid:2)44
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ISBN:978-0-08-046732-0
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Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 OffshorePipelineDesignConsiderations 6
1.2 BucklingandCollapseofStructures 8
1.3 BucklePropagationinOffshorePipelines 12
2 OffshoreFacilitiesandPipelineInstallationMethods 15
2.1 OffshorePlatformsandRelatedProductionSystems 16
2.1.1 FixedPlatforms 16
2.1.2 FloatingandTetheredPlatforms 22
2.2 OffshorePipelineInstallationMethods 34
2.2.1 S-Lay 34
2.2.2 J-Lay 38
2.2.3 Reeling 43
2.2.4 Towing 48
2.3 TheMardiGrasProject 52
3 PipeandTubeManufacturingProcesses 59
3.1 SteelmakingforLinePipe 60
3.1.1 StrengtheningofSteel 60
3.2 PlateProduction 63
3.2.1 Steelmaking 64
3.2.2 VerticalContinuousCastingofSlabs 64
3.2.3 PlateRolling 65
3.3 SeamlessPipe 70
3.3.1 ContinuousCastingofRoundBillets 70
3.3.2 PlugMill 72
3.3.3 MandrelMill 74
3.3.4 PilgerMill 76
3.4 ElectricResistanceWeldedPipe 78
3.5 SpiralWeldPipe 80
3.6 UOEPipeManufacture 81
3.7 JCOForming 86
v
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vi CONTENTS
4 BucklingandCollapseUnderExternalPressure 89
4.1 ElasticBuckling 89
4.1.1 ImperfectPipe 92
4.2 PlasticBuckling 94
4.2.1 LateralPressure 96
4.2.2 HydrostaticPressure 97
4.2.3 PressurewithZeroAxialStrain 97
4.3 NonlinearFormulation 99
4.3.1 Kinematics 100
4.3.2 ConstitutiveBehavior 100
4.3.3 PrincipleofVirtualWork 101
4.3.4 Examples 102
4.4 FactorsAffectingPipeCollapse 104
4.4.1 CollapsePressureExperiments 104
4.4.2 PredictionofCollapsePressures 106
4.4.3 EffectofInitialOvality 108
4.4.4 TypeofPressureLoading 111
4.4.5 WallThicknessVariations 112
4.4.6 EffectofMaterialStress–StrainResponse 114
4.4.7 ResidualStresses 115
4.4.8 AnisotropicYielding 115
4.4.9 AnApproximateEstimateofCollapsePressure 117
4.5 RepresentativeSeamlessPipeImperfections 118
4.5.1 ImperfectionScanningSystem 118
4.5.2 DataReduction 119
4.5.3 FourExamples 121
4.6 ConclusionsandDesignRecommendations 128
5 CollapseofUOEPipeUnderExternalPressure 131
5.1 CollapsePressureofUOEPipe 131
5.2 PredictionofCollapsePressureofUOEPipe 136
5.3 ImprovementofCompressivePropertiesbyHeatTreatment
ofthePipe 137
5.4 One-DimensionalModelofUOEPipeForming 140
5.5 Two-DimensionalModelsofUOE/UOC 144
5.5.1 UOE/UOCFormingSteps 144
5.5.2 NumericalSimulation 147
5.5.3 AnExampleofUOEForming 148
5.5.4 ParametricStudy-OptimizationofUOE/UOC 155
5.6 ConclusionsandRecommendations 161
6 CollapseofDentedPipesUnderExternalPressure 164
6.1 DentCharacteristics 164
6.2 DentingandCollapseExperiments 165
6.2.1 Indention 165
6.2.2 CollapseExperiments 168
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CONTENTS vii
6.3 ModelingofDentingandCollapse 170
6.3.1 PredictionofCollapsePressureofDentedTubes 171
6.4 UniversalCollapseResistanceCurvesforDentedPipes 175
6.4.1 LocalizationofCollapseUnderExternalPressure 175
6.4.2 TheUniversalCollapseResistanceCurve 177
6.5 ConclusionsandRecommendations 180
7 BucklingandCollapseUnderCombinedExternalPressure
andTension 181
7.1 ElasticBuckling 183
7.2 PlasticBuckling 185
7.3 NonlinearFormulation 186
7.3.1 Examples 187
7.4 CollapseUnderExternalPressureandTension 188
7.4.1 ExperimentalResultsandNumericalPredictions 190
7.5 AdditionalParametricStudy 192
7.6 ConclusionsandRecommendations 194
8 InelasticResponse,BucklingandCollapseUnderPureBending 196
8.1 FeaturesofInelasticBending 196
8.2 BendingExperiments 198
8.3 Formulation 208
8.3.1 Kinematics 209
8.3.2 ConstitutiveBehavior 210
8.3.3 PrincipleofVirtualWork 210
8.3.4 BifurcationBucklingUnderPureBending 211
8.4 Predictions 214
8.5 ParametricStudy 219
8.6 SummaryandRecommendations 223
9 BucklingandCollapseUnderCombinedBendingand
ExternalPressure 225
9.1 FeaturesofInelasticBendingofTubesUnderExternalPressure 225
9.2 CombinedBending-ExternalPressureExperiments 226
9.2.1 TestFacilities 227
9.2.2 ExperimentalResults 229
9.3 Formulation 233
9.3.1 PrincipleofVirtualWork 234
9.3.2 BifurcationBucklingUnderCombinedBendingand
ExternalPressure 235
9.4 Predictions 235
9.5 FactorsThatAffectCollapse 238
9.5.1 EffectofHardeningRule 238
9.5.2 BifurcationBuckling 239
9.5.3 EffectofResidualStresses 240
9.5.4 AsymmetricModesofCollapse 243
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viii CONTENTS
9.5.5 EffectofWallThicknessVariations 248
9.5.6 EffectofMaterialStress–StrainResponse 249
9.5.7 EffectofAnisotropicYielding 250
9.6 CollapseofUOEPipeBentUnderExternalPressure 251
9.6.1 Experiments 252
9.6.2 Analysis 256
9.7 ConclusionsandRecommendations 257
10 InelasticResponseUnderCombinedBendingandTension 260
10.1 FeaturesofTubeBendingUnderTension 261
10.2 CombinedBending–TensionExperiments 261
10.2.1 TestFacility 261
10.2.2 ExperimentalProcedureandResults 264
10.3 Formulation 270
10.4 Predictions 274
10.4.1 SimulationofExperiments 274
10.5 ParametricStudy 275
10.5.1 EffectofLoadingPath 275
10.5.2 TransverseForceonAxisofPipe 276
10.5.3 EffectofCurvature 276
10.5.4 EffectofYieldAnisotropyandResidualStresses 277
10.6 ConclusionsandRecommendations 278
11 PlasticBucklingandCollapseUnderAxialCompression 280
11.1 FeaturesofAxialPlasticBuckling 281
11.2 AxialBucklingExperiments 283
11.2.1 ExperimentalSetup 283
11.2.2 ExperimentalResults 285
11.3 OnsetofAxisymmetricWrinkling 293
11.3.1 Formulation 293
11.3.2 Predictions 296
11.4 EvolutionofWrinkling 297
11.4.1 Kinematics 297
11.4.2 PrincipleofVirtualWork 299
11.4.3 ConstitutiveEquations 299
11.4.4 AxisymmetricSolution 299
11.4.5 LocalizationofAxisymmetricWrinkling 304
11.4.6 BifurcationintoNon-AxisymmetricBucklingModes 305
11.5 Non-AxisymmetricBucklingandCollapse 308
11.5.1 Results 309
11.6 ParametricStudy 314
11.7 SummaryandRecommendations 316
12 CombinedInternalPressureandAxialCompression 319
12.1 CombinedAxialCompression–InternalPressureExperiments 319
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CONTENTS ix
12.1.1 ExperimentalSet-Up 320
12.1.2 ExperimentalResults 321
12.2 OnsetofAxisymmetricWrinkling 327
12.2.1 Formulation 327
12.2.2 Predictions 328
12.3 EvolutionofWrinkling 329
12.4 ParametricStudy 332
12.5 SummaryandRecommendations 334
13 ElementsofPlasticityTheory 336
13.1 Preliminaries 336
13.1.1 AspectsofUniaxialBehavior 336
13.1.2 DiscontinuousYielding 339
13.1.3 MultiaxialBehavior 342
13.1.4 YieldCriteria 342
13.2 IncrementalPlasticity 345
13.2.1 TheFlowRule 345
13.2.2 J FlowTheorywithIsotropicHardening 346
2
13.3 TheDeformationTheoryofPlasticity 349
13.3.1 TheJ DeformationTheory 349
2
13.3.2 IncrementalJ DeformationTheory 350
2
13.3.3 AnisotropicDeformationTheory 351
13.4 NonlinearKinematicHardening 352
13.4.1 TheDrucker–PalgenModel[13.19] 353
13.4.2 TheDafalias–PopovTwo-SurfaceModel 355
13.4.3 TheTseng–LeeTwo-SurfaceModel 358
AppendixA: MechanicalTesting 361
A.1 TensileandCompressiveMaterialStress–StrainResponses 361
A.1.1 TensionTests 361
A.1.2 CompressionTests 363
A.2 Toughness 365
A.2.1 CharpyV-NotchImpactTest(CVN) 365
A.2.2 Drop-WeightTearTest(DWTT) 368
A.3 HardnessTests 368
A.4 ResidualStresses 369
AppendixB: PlasticAnisotropyinTubes 371
B.1 AnisotropyTests 371
B.1.1 LateralPressureTest 372
B.1.2 HydrostaticPressureTest 373
B.1.3 TorsionTest 374
AppendixC: TheRamberg–OsgoodStress–StrainFit 376