Table Of ContentBook Series on
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Vol. 4
Complex Metallic Alloys – Vol. 4
COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
Belin-Ferré
This book is the last one of a series of 4 books issued yearly as a deliverable
of a school on Materials Science established within the European Network of
Excellence CMA (for Complex Metallic Alloys). It is written by reputed experts
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in the fields of metal physics, surface physics and chemistry, metallurgy and C
E
process engineering, combining expertise found inside as well as outside the O C MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
network.
M
H
The CMA network focuses on the huge group of largely unknown multinary P A
COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
alloys and compounds formed with crystal structures based on giant unit cells L N
E
containing clusters, with many tens up to more than thousand atoms per unit I
C
X
cell. In these phases, for many phenomena, the physical length scales are
A
substantially smaller than the unit-cell dimension. Hence, these materials offer I
N L
unique combinations of properties, which are mutually excluded in conventional
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P
materials: metallic electric conductivity combined with low thermal conductivity,
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R
combination of good light absorption with high-temperature stability, combination
R
O
of high metallic hardness with reduced wetting by liquids, electrical and thermal
M
resistance tuneable by composition variation, excellent resistance to corrosion, P
reduced cold-welding and adhesion, enhanced hydrogen storage capacity and E E
T R
light absorption, etc.
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T
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The series of books on Complex Metallic Alloys concentrate on development of I
L E
fundamental knowledge with the aim of understanding materials phenomena,
I S
technologies associated with the production, transformation and processing of C
knowledge-based multifunctional materials, surface engineering, support for new S O
materials development and new knowledge-based higher performance materials F
for macro-scale applications.
edited by
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Electron Micrograph of a metadislocation in plastically deformed 28-Al-Pd-Mn
(Courtesy of M. Feuerbacher and M. Heggen, Jülich Germany) Esther Belin-Ferré
ISBN-13 978-981-4322-16-4
World Scientific ISBN-10 981-4322-16-4
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www.worldscientific.com
World Scientific
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European Network of Excellence
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Book Series on
Complex Metallic Alloys – Vol. 4
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
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Book Series on
Complex Metallic Alloys – Vol. 4
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
edited by
Esther Belin-Ferré
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI
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Series on Complex Metallic Alloys
Series Editor: Jean Marie Dubois
Vol. 1: Basics of Thermodynamics and Phase Transitions in Complex Intermetallics
edited by Esther Belin-Ferré (Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et
Rayonnement, France)
Vol. 2: Properties and Applications of Complex Intermetallics
edited by Esther Belin-Ferré (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France)
Vol. 3: Surface Properties and Engineering of Complex Intermetallics
edited by Esther Belin-Ferré (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique -
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France)
Vol. 4: Mechanical Properties of Complex Intermetallics
edited by Esther Belin-Ferré (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique -
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France)
Benjamin - Mechanical Properties.pmd 2 10/12/2010, 7:17 PM
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX INTERMETALLICS
Copyright © 2011 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
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ISBN-13 978-981-4322-16-4
ISBN-10 981-4322-16-4
Printed in Singapore.
Benjamin - Mechanical Properties.pmd 1 10/12/2010, 7:17 PM
FOREWORD
This is the fourth and last volume of a series of books issued from the
lectures delivered at the Euro-School on Materials Science, organised
yearly in Ljubljana, by the European Network of Excellence Complex
Metallic Alloys (CMA) under contract NMP3-CT-2005-500145.
The last session of the CMA Euro-School was held in May 2009, it
was mostly dedicated to mechanical properties and plasticity of complex
metallic alloys. Nine chapters of this volume are dedicated to these
matters. Another chapter refers to mechanical properties of nanotubes
containing transition metals. The policy of the Euro-School has always
been to invite outstanding specialists on subjects not directly in line with
the main theme of the session. This is why two chapters of this volume
are dedicated to introduce the reader to spintronics. Finally, the last
chapter is the corrigendum of chapter 4 published in volume 2 of the
series in which many typing mistakes remained; they are accounted for
in the present book.
The European Commission is once more gratefully acknowledged for
its financial support. Again, warm thanks go to all the authors whose
contributions have made possible editing of all the volumes of the books
series on Complex Metallic Alloys.
Esther Belin-Ferré
Paris, February 2010
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CONTENTS
Foreword v
Chapter 1: The Plasticity of Metals: Basic Concepts 1
Mick Feuerbacher
Chapter 2: Basics of Mechanical Properties of Metals 17
Jean Philippe Chateau
Chapter 3: Microstructure - Properties Relationships in Metal- 73
Based Alloys
Alexis Deschamps
Chapter 4: Deformation of Intermetallic Alloys 125
at High Temperatures
Gerhard Sauthoff
Chapter 5: Metadislocations in Complex Metallic Alloys 161
Marc Heggen and Mick Feuerbacher
Chapter 6: Cold Welding Due to Impact and Fretting Under. 191
Vacuum Considering Scaling for Applications in
Space Mechanisms
Andreas Merstallinger and Muriel Sales
Chapter 7: Mechanical Properties of Metals at the Nanoscale 249
Ralph Spolenak
Chapter 8: Formation of High-Strength Nanocrystalline 273
Alloys and Their Mechanical Properties
Tohru Yamasaki
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 9: Dislocations and Plasticity in Minerals with Large 317
Unit Cells
Patrick Cordier and Philippe Carrez
Chapter 10: Inorganic Nanotubes Based on Transition Metal 345
Dichalcogenides: Synthesis and
Mechanical Properties
Maja Remškar
Chapter 11: An Introduction to Spin Electronics 359
J. M. D. Coey
Chapter 12: Spintronics 405
Myung-Hwa Jung
Chapter 13: Thermoelectric Materials 425
Silke Paschen
CHAPTER 1
THE PLASTICITY OF METALS: BASIC CONCEPTS
Mick Feuerbacher
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
52425 Jülich, Germany
Email: [email protected]
An introduction to the mechanisms of plastic deformation in metals and
alloys is presented. After a brief overview over the basic terms and
observables, the microstructural aspects of deformation are addressed.
The concept of dislocations, a class of one-dimensional crystal defects,
which play a pivotal role in the plasticity of most metals, is introduced.
We describe their characteristic parameters and the mechanisms of
dislocation construction and movement. Macroscopic experimental
approaches for the investigation and characterization of the
deformation behaviour are described. For the interpretation of
deformation experiments we will introduce a thermodynamic approach
including the concept of thermal activation. On this basis, we describe
the relations between the thermodynamic activation parameters and the
experimentally accessible observables.
1. Basic Terms
1.1. Definition
The term plastic deformation, or plasticity in short, describes the ability
of a piece of matter to undergo a shape change under mechanical stress
without fracture, if the following conditions are fulfilled. i) the strains
occurring due to the shape change are relatively high, typically larger
than about 1 %. ii) The shape change is irreversible. iii) The relation of
the stress (leading to the deformation) and the strain is nonlinear.
1
