Table Of ContentMECHANICAL PROBLEMS IN MEASURING FORCE AND MASS
n
IMEKO TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
ITC Series No.8
ITC Series include publication by the 15 Technical Committees of the
International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO):
Higher Education (TCl)
Photon-Detectors (TC2)
Measurement of Force and Mass (TC3)
Measurement of Electrical Quantities (TC4)
Hardness Measurement (TC5)
Vocabulary Committee (TC6)
Measurement Theory (TC7)
Metrology (TC8)
Flow Measurement (TC9)
Technical Diagnostics (TClO)
Metrological Requirements for Developing Countries (TCll)
Temperature and Thermal Measurement (TC12)
Measurements in Biology and Medicine (TC13)
Measurement of Geometrical Quantities (TC14)
Experimental Mechanics (TC15)
Inquiries lTC-series:
IMEKO - Secretariat
H-137l Budapest, P.O. Box 457
Hungary
Editor ITC 8:
H. Wieringa
c/o TNO-IWECO
P.O. Box 29
2600 AA Delft
The Netherlands
phone: +31/15 608608
telex: 38192 iweco nl
Mechanical Problems in Measuring
i
Force and Mass
Proceedings of the XIth International Conference on Measurement of Force and
Mass, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, May 12-16, 1986
Organized by: Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
on behalf of IMEKO - Technical Committee of Measurement of Force and
Mass
edited by
H. WIERINGA
TNO-IWECO
Delft, The Netherlands
1986 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER
Distributors
for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby
Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA
for the UK and Ire/and: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited,
Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAllRN, UK
for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
ISBN-13:978-94-01O-8464-2 e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-4414-5
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4414-5
Copyrigbt
© 1986 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht,
The Netherlands.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
1. D. Girard
Development of Multicomponent Force Transfer Standards by ONERA
for French BNM
2. R.H. Hellwig 13
Development, Testing and Specifications of Super Precision Force
Transducers for International Comparison Measurements
3. R. Kist, S. Ramakrishnan, and H. Wolfelschneider 23
Measurement of Force by Means of Fiber-Optic Sensors
4. D.G. Sporea, A. Dumitrica, and N. Miron 33
Fiber Optic Load Sensor as a Microcomputer Peripheral
5. K. Ono and Y. Hatamura 39
A New Design for 6-Component Force/Torque Sensors
6. Th. Gast and G. Luce 49
A Directly Weighing Suspension Balance with Frequency Variant
Output
7. A.I. Farfel, F.S. Galperin, and V.A. Okun 55
Microprocessor-Based System for Belt-Scales Dosing of Mixed
Feed Components
8. K. Fristedt 65
A Contribution to the Analysis of Conveyor Belt Weighing Errors
9. T. Nagao 75
Feeding Control of Automatic Bagging Scale
10. W. Jeuken 85
Weighing in Roadvehicles
11. G.F. Malikov, Y.M. Sergienko, L.K. Timofeev, and V.A. Chukhno 95
In-Motion Weighing Scale and Some Problems of Its Metrological
Evaluation
12. T. Yoshida and K. Nakayama 99
6-Component Load Cell for Automobile Wheel
13. P. Tegelaar and L.J. Weyers 109
Measurement Uncertainty in the Determination of Weight and Centre
of Gravity of Offshore Modules Using Strain Gauge Load Cells
VI
14. L. Kiel tyka 119
The Measurement Method of Big Torque Moments in Drive Shafts
15. Z. Ding-Ming, D. Jun-Quan, Z. He-Yue, W. Shi-Guang 123
Movable Electronic Locomotive Scale with Microprocessor
16. E. Debler and K. Winter 129
Improvement of the Weighing Accuracy of a 50 KG Beam Balance
17. K. Grzywa, T. Olma, and A. Zboinski 139
Decoding of the State of Scales Equilibrium by Microprocessor
Scales Terminal
18. Y. Ochiai, K. Kameoka, T. Sugisako, and T. Ono 147
Application of a New Beam Type Loadcell to Mechanical Hand
19. H. Imai and K. Iizuka 153
A New Bending Test Method of Leaf Springs
20. G.J.W.L. Kotte, D. Baksteen, and J.A.J. Basten 161
A Calibration Instrument for Roller Brake Testers
21. W. Weiler 171
Characteristic Data of Force Transducers Terms and Definitions
22. W.W. Weiler and A. Schuster 175
A Compensating Lever and Its Control System for Compensating
the Force of the Frame of a Deadweight Force Standard Machine
23. G.H. Engler 187
Some Calibration and Test Facilities at VSL
24. T. Tojo, H. Maejima, J. Ishino, and N. Hida 197
A Group Verification System for Force Standard Machines Using
High Precision Load Cells
25. P.J. Brandenburg, J.M. Appij, J. Loomans, and H. Wieringa 207
Calibration and Classification of Force Transducers by Using
a Traceable Set of High-Performance Facilities
26. M. Dietrich, K. Hasche, and D. Peschel 217
About the Uncertainty of the Higher Capacity Primary Standard
and the Dissimination of Force in the ASMW
27. M. Peters 227
High Accuracy Calibration Methods for Force Transducers
28. C. Ferrero, C. Marinari, and E. Martino 237
Evaluation of Parasitic Components on National Deadweight Force
Standard Machines
29. J. Paetow 247
The Effect of Time Response of Force Transducers on Their Transfer
Properties in Force Comparisons
VII
30. G. Barbato, A. Bray, A. Germak, and R. Levi 257
Calibration and Verification of Multicomponent Dynamometers
in the Meganewton Range
31. G. Ramm and M. Peters 267
Investigation of the Calibration Signal of Force Measuring
Devices
32. R.A. Mitchell, R.L. Seifarth, and C.P. Reeve 275
Eccentric Load Sensitivity of Force Sensors
33. J. Lukas 283
Ways for the Removal of the Main Disadvantages of Force
Transducers with Semiconductor Strain Gages
34. M. Spoor 293
Improving Creep Performance of the Strain Gage Based Load Cell
35. M. Yanbing and Z. Zupei 303
Temperature Effect and Compensation of Strain Gage Load Cell
36. B.M. Bergqvist 313
Pilot Tests to Determine Micro-Elastic Effects in Load Cell
Receptor Materials
37. K. Bethe and D. Baumgarten 323
Creep of Low-Range-Scales
Subject Index 331
IX
Preface
Nowadays electrical force transducers, in which various electrical
conversion principles are applied, are widely used. Transducers for
forces from 1N till 10 MN are commercially available and used for
industrial as well as research purposes. They not only serve to measure
forces but also for weighing purposes. Directly converting a force into
an electrical signal is not possible. This must be done step by step. For
instance, in a strain gauge based transducer the conversion chain is:
force - stress - strain - resistance change - bridge output. At every
conversion point in this chain parasatic influences can interfere with
the results and may cause a loss in accuracy.
To surmount the problems related to obtaining sufficient accuracy and
reliability for these transducers, much research has been done allover
the world in the past 35 years. As a result, new materials, new
techniques, improved constructional designs and compensation circuits
have been found to overcome the parasitic influences. The object of the
IMEKO Conferences on behalf of the Technical Committee on Measurement of
Force and Mass (TC-3) is to exchange experiences, to discuss problems and
to obtain knowledge about practical applications.
In this book the papers have been collected that will be discussed at the
11th International Conference on Measurement of Force and Mass. The topic
of this conference is "Mechanical Problems in Measuring Force and Mass".
The TC-3 members express their thanks to the authors who took the trouble
to forward papers comprising their knowledge and experiences. The TC-3
members hope that these contributions will help you to solve your
problems as to Measurement of Force and Mass and to improve your
knowledge about these measurements. Moreover, the TC-3 members expect the
Conference to contribute to the development and deepening of personal
contacts between the participants form allover the world.
Furthermore they like to express their thanks to the Paper Selection
Committee members for their evaluation of the papers contributed and for
their advice and support in drafting the programme. Acknowledgement of
thanks is also expressed to the Netherlands Organization for Applied
Scientific Research (TNO) and in particular to the fellow-workers of the
TNO Corporate Communication Department and TNO-IWECO; Institute of
Mechanical Engineering. Without their efforts this Conference would not
have been possible.
May 1986
H. Wieringa
Chairman IMEKO Technical Committee
on Measurement of Force and Mass.
XI
Message to the Readers
Allow me to greet you all, dear readers of this book, which is rich in
information covering our field of common interests. We may have met
personally at the 11th IMEKO Conference on Measurement of Force and Mass
in Amsterdam and witnessed high-level technical sessions and vivid
discussions from 12 to 16 May 1986. This will remain a memorable event
for me. After 18 years of activity I have to resign from the fuctnion of
scientific secretary of the IMEKO Technical Committee on Measurement of
Force and Mass (TC3) on account of a higher position within the
confederation.
Close co-operation with chairmen like dr. K. Hild (FRG) and then ir. H.
Wieringa (NL) was a great scientific experience and I feel honoured by
their friendship, too. The same goes for many colleagues from many
countries who have regularly attended TC3 conferences and helped to
disseminate up-to-date knowledge on our subjects. The proceedings have
been published and distributed widely: the response from the industry,
the user of weighers and the national offices of measures proves that our
work was not in vain. The 11th Conference is another milestone in the
history of the Committee. Thanks and appreciation are due to the Dutch
colleagues, first of all to Mr. Wieringa, of TNO and to the Royal
Institution of Engineers in the Netherlands, Division for Automatic
Control, member organization of IMEKO.
In my office, as Secretary General of IMEKO, I am responsible for
carrying out the resolutions of the General Council (comprising 30 member
organizations from countries of the five continents), for the activities
of 15 technical committees and for the success of the forthcoming 11th
World Congress, scheduled for October 1988 in Houston/Texas. On the
occiasion of the Congress we plan to celebrate the 50th anniversary of
the strain gauge. I hope you will be able to offer your co-operation
please contribute, because otherwise none of our goals can be fully
accomplished.
May 1986
Assoc. Prof.Dr. Tamas Kemeny
Secretary General
International Measurement Confederation
XII
IMEKO TC-3 ACTIVITY IN BRIEF
The IMEKO Technical Committee "Measurement of Force and Mass" has been
proposed to be founded during the 4th IMEKO Congress in Warszawa, Poland,
July 1967. The participants of the Round Table Discussion entitled
"Strain Gauge Technique in Industrial Weighing", chaired by Prof. Peter
Stein form Arizona, USA, and Mr. Tamas Kemeny from Budapest, Hungary,
decided to continue an exchange of experience in the field of force and
mass measurements. The proposal discussed by the IMEKO Secretariat was
approved by the General Council of the International Measurement
Confederation IMEKO.
Thus was established the Technical Committee TC-3 "Measurement of Force
and Mass, which was appointed to the following tasks:
the organization of symposia on still unpublished results of
experiments and practical experience,
the helding of round table discussions on different topics,
the promotion of the exchange of experiences among IMEKO Member
Organizations.
The following meetings have been organized up till now:
1. Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany, 1969:
"Precise Measurement of Force and Weight with Strain Gauge
Techniques"
2. The Hague, The Netherlands, 1971:
"The Characteritic Properties of Force Measuring Devices and
Electromechanical Weighing Machines"
3. Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, 1972:
"The Measurement of Force and Mass in Controlled Systems"
4. Udine, Italy, 1974:
"Recent Developments in Force Measuring Devices"
5. Szeged, Hungary, 1974:
"Up-to-date Verifiable Weighing Machines"
6. Odessa, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 1977:
"Industrial Weighing"
7. Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany, 1979:
"Measurement of Force and Mass"
8. Krak6w, Poland, 1980:
"Weighing Technology"
9. London, United Kingdom, 1983:
"Weighing and Force Measurement in Trade and Industry".
10. Kobe, Japan, 1984:
"Recent Advances in Weighing Technology and Force Measurement"
During IMEKO Congresses, TC-3 also organized the following round table
discussions:
IMEKO VI, Dresden, German Democratic Republik, 1973:
"Force Transfer to Force Measuring Devices"
IMEKO VII, London, United Kingdom, 1976:
"Measurement of Force and Mass"
