Mechanical engineers' handbook, book 4: Energy and power

1099 Pages·2006·19.84 MB·English

by  Kutz M. (ed.)

Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook
Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook
Third Edition
Energy and Power
Edited by
Myer Kutz
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Mechanicalengineers’handbook/editedbyMyerKutz.—3rded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13978-0-471-44990-4
ISBN-100-471-44990-3(cloth)
1. Mechanicalengineering—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Kutz,Myer.
TJ151.M3952005
621—dc22
2005008603
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Arthur and Bess, Tony and Mary-Ann, for all the good times
Contents
Preface ix
Vision Statement xi
Contributors xiii
PART 1 ENERGY 1
1. Thermophysical Properties of Fluids 3
Peter E. Liley
2. Fluid Mechanics 46
Reuben M. Olson
3. Thermodynamics Fundamentals 94
Adrian Bejan
4. Exergy Analysis, Entropy Generation Minimization, and Constructal Theory 117
Adrian Bejan
5. Heat-Transfer Fundamentals 144
G. P. Peterson
6. Furnaces 211
Carroll Cone
7. Energy Auditing 277
Carl Blumstein and Peter Kuhn
8. Heat Exchangers, Vaporizers, Condensers 295
Joseph W. Palen
9. Heat Pipes 335
Hongbin Ma
10. Air Heating 362
Richard J. Reed
11. Cooling Electronic Equipment 371
Allan Kraus and Avram Bar-Cohen
12. Refrigeration 421
Dennis L. O’Neal
13. Cryogenic Systems 465
Leonard A. Wenzel
14. Indoor Environmental Control 531
Jelena Srebric
15. Thermal Systems Optimization 554
Reinhard Radermacher
vii
viii Contents
PART 2 POWER 573
16. Combustion 575
Eric G. Eddings
17. Gaseous Fuels 614
Richard J. Reed
18. Liquid Fossil Fuels from Petroleum 626
Richard J. Reed
19. Coals, Lignite, Peat 645
James G. Keppeler
20. Solar Energy Applications 663
Jan F. Kreider
21. Geothermal Resources and Technology: An Introduction 702
Peter D. Blair
22. Pumps, Fans, Blowers, and Compressors 717
Keith Marchildon and David Mody
23. Nuclear Power 753
William Kerr and William Updegrove
24. Gas Turbines 779
Harold E. Miller and Todd S. Nemec
25. Wind Turbines 837
Todd S. Nemec
26. Steam Turbines 844
William G. Steltz
27. Internal Combustion Engines 886
Ronald Douglas Matthews
28. Fuel Cells 922
Matthew M. Mench
29. Fluid Power Systems 958
Andrew Alleyene
30. Air Pollution Control Technologies 993
C. A. Miller
31. Water Pollution Control Technology 1022
Carl A. Brunner and J. F. Kreissl
Index 1041
Preface
The fourth volume of the Third Edition of the Mechanical Engineers’Handbook comprises
32 chapters. The volume begins with a chapter on thermophysical properties of fluids, then
coversfundamentalsoffluidmechanics,thermodynamics(includingachapteronexergyand
entropy generation minimization), heat transfer, combustion, and furnaces. Additional heat
transfertopicsinthisvolumeincludeheatexchangers,heatpipes,airheating,andelectronic
equipment cooling. This volume includes chapters on both conventional energy sources–
gaseous and liquid fuels, coal, and nuclear—and alternativeenergysources—solar,geother-
mal, and fuel cells (in a chapter entirely new to the handbook). There are six chapters on
powermachinery:oneonfans,blowers,compressors,andpumps;oneeachongas,wind(in
a chapter entirely new to the handbook), and steam turbines; one on internal combustion
engines; and one on fluid power. Refrigeration and cryogenics are covered in two chapters.
Fourchaptersdealwithenvironmentalissues:energyauditing,indoorenvironmentalcontrol,
and airandwaterpollutioncontrol technologies.Achapteronthermalsystemsoptimization
rounds out this volume of the handbook.
The contributors to this volume include engineers working in industry in the United
StatesandCanada,aswellasinU.S.governmentagencies,andbusinessowners,consultants,
and academics fromall around the United States.Threecontributors,ReubenOlsen,Carroll
Cone,andLeonardWenzel,whosechaptersfirstappearedinpreviouseditions,aredeceased.
Their distinguished work survives.
ix
Vision for the Third Edition
Basicengineeringdisciplinesarenotstatic,nomatterhowoldandwellestablishedtheyare.
The field of mechanical engineering is no exception. Movement within this broadly based
disciplineismultidimensional.Eventheclassicsubjectsonwhichthedisciplinewasfounded,
such as mechanics of materials and heat transfer, continue to evolve. Mechanical engineers
continue to be heavily involved with disciplines allied to mechanical engineering, such as
industrial and manufacturing engineering, which are also constantly evolving. Advances in
othermajordisciplines,suchaselectricalandelectronicsengineering,havesignificantimpact
on the work of mechanical engineers. New subject areas, suchasneuralnetworks,suddenly
become all the rage.
Inresponsetothisexciting,dynamicatmosphere,theMechanicalEngineers’Handbook
is expanding dramatically, from one volume to four volumes. The third edition not only is
incorporating updates and revisions to chapters in the second edition, which was published
in1998,butalsoisadding24chaptersonentirelynewsubjectsaswell,incorporatingupdates
and revisions to chapters in the Handbook of Materials Selection, which was published in
2002, as well as to chapters in Instrumentation and Control, edited by Chester Nachtigal
and published in 1990.
The four volumes of the third edition are arranged as follows:
Volume I: Materials and Mechanical Design—36 chapters
Part 1. Materials—14 chapters
Part 2. Mechanical Design—22 chapters
Volume II: Instrumentation, Systems, Controls, and MEMS—21 chapters
Part 1. Instrumentation—8 chapters
Part 2. Systems, Controls, and MEMS—13 chapters
Volume III: Manufacturing and Management—24 chapters
Part 1. Manufacturing—12 chapters
Part 2. Management, Finance, Quality, Law, and Research—12 chapters
Volume IV: Energy and Power—31 chapters
Part 1: Energy—15 chapters
Part 2: Power—16 chapters
The mechanical engineering literature is extensive and has been so for a considerable
period of time. Many textbooks, reference works, and manuals as well as a substantial
number of journals exist. Numerous commercial publishers and professional societies, par-
ticularly in the United States and Europe, distribute these materials. The literature grows
continuously, as applied mechanicalengineeringresearchfindsnewwaysofdesigning,con-
trolling, measuring, making and maintaining things, and monitoring and evaluatingtechnol-
ogies, infrastructures,and systems.
Most professional-level mechanical engineering publications tend to be specialized, di-
rected to the specific needs of particular groups of practitioners. Overall, however, the me-
chanical engineering audience isbroad and multidisciplinary.Practitionersworkinavariety
of organizations, including institutions of higher learning, design, manufacturing, and con-
xi
xii Vision for the Third Edition
sulting firms as well as federal, state, and local government agencies. A rationale for an
expanded general mechanical engineering handbook is that every practitioner, researcher,
and bureaucrat cannot be an expert on every topic, especially in so broad and multidiscipli-
nary a field, and may need an authoritative professional summary of a subject with which
he or she is not intimately familiar.
Starting with the first edition, which was published in 1986, our intention has always
been that the Mechanical Engineers’Handbook stand at the intersection of textbooks, re-
search papers, and design manuals. For example, we want the handbook to help young
engineers move from the college classroom to the professional office and laboratory where
they may have to deal with issues and problems in areas they have not studied extensively
in school.
With this expanded third edition, we have produced a practical reference for the me-
chanical engineer who is seeking to answer a question, solve a problem, reduce a cost, or
improve a systemorfacility. Thehandbook isnot aresearchmonograph.Thechaptersoffer
design techniques, illustrate successful applications, or provide guidelines to improving the
performance, the life expectancy, the effectiveness, or the usefulness of parts, assemblies,
and systems. The purpose is to show readers what options are available in a particular
situation and which option they might choose to solve problems at hand.
Theaimofthisexpandedhandbookistoserveasasourceofpracticaladvicetoreaders.
We hope that the handbook will be the first information resource a practicing engineer
consults when faced with a new problem or opportunity—even beforeturning tootherprint
sources, even officially sanctioned ones, or to sites on the Internet. (The second edition has
been available online on knovel.com.) In each chapter, the reader should feel that he or she
is in the hands of an experienced consultant who is providing sensible advice that can lead
to beneficial action and results.
Can a single handbook, even spread out over four volumes, cover this broad, interdis-
ciplinary field? We have designed the third edition of the Mechanical Engineers’Handbook
as if it were serving as a core for an Internet-based information source. Many chapters in
the handbook point readers to information sources on the Web dealing with the subjects
addressed. Furthermore, where appropriate, enough analytical techniques and data are pro-
vided to allow the reader to employ a preliminary approach to solving problems.
The contributors have written, to the extent their backgrounds and capabilities make
possible, in a style that reflects practical discussion informed by real-world experience. We
would like readers to feel that they are in the presence of experienced teachers and con-
sultantswhoknowaboutthemultiplicityoftechnicalissuesthatimpingeonanytopicwithin
mechanicalengineering.Atthesametime,thelevelissuchthatstudentsandrecentgraduates
can find the handbook as accessible as experienced engineers.