Table Of ContentJune6,2018 CVR_DOWL6545_05_SE_FEP.tex page i June6,2018 CVR_DOWL6545_05_SE_BEP.tex page 962
MATERIALS PROPERTIES LOCATOR
TableNo. Page MaterialType DataListed
2.2 57 Whiskers,fibers,wires E,σ
u
3.2 90 Metals E,σ ,σ ,100ε ,%RA
o u f
3.3 91 Polymers E,σ ,σ ,100ε ,Izodenergy,T
o f f d
3.4 92 Ceramics,glasses,stone T ,ρ,E,σ ,σ
m u uc
3.5 93 SiCinAlcomposite E,σ ,σ ,100ε
o u f
3.7 107 Metals σ˜ ,ε˜ ,H,n,HB
fB f
3.8 108 Representative E,σ orσ ,ρ,cost
o u
4.1 134 Ceramics,glasses E,σ ,HV
fb
5.2 166 Metals,polymers,ceramics E,ν
5.3 181 Fibers,epoxy,composites E,G,ν,ρ
7.1 266 Stone,concrete,grayiron σ ,σ ,C-Mfittingconstants
u uc
8.1 300 Metals K ;alsoσ ,σ ,100ε ,%RA
Ic o u f
8.2 301 Polymers,ceramics K
Ic
9.1 383 Metals σ -N constants;alsoσ ,σ ,σ˜
a f o u fB
10.1 464 Metals Fatiguelimitestimates
10.2 480 Metals S-Ncurveestimatesat103cycles
11.1 524 Steelsbyclass da/dN-�Kconstants
11.2 535 Steels,aluminums da/dN-�Kconstants(Walker);alsoK ,σ
Ic o
11.3 538 Metals da/dN-�Kconstants(Forman);alsoK ,σ
Ic o
12.1 594 Metalalloys K ,a˙,K
IEAC Ic
12.5 605 Solvents,polymers δ ,δ
e p
13.1 641 Steels,aluminums E,H�,n�;alsoσ ,σ
o u
15.1 727 Metals ε -N constants;E,H�,n�;σ ,σ ,σ˜ ,%RA
a f o u fB
16.3 802 Metals L-Mparameterconstants
16.4 816 Metals σ-ε-tnonlinearcreepconstants
B.5 881 Metals,stone,concrete K andstatistics;alsoσ orσ
Ic o uc
C.1 886 Metals,alloys T ,ρ,E
m
C.9 907 Polymers T ,T
g m
ExplanationofSymbolsforMaterialsProperties
a˙ Crackvelocity T Meltingtemperature
m
E Elasticmodulus δ ,δ Solubilityparameters
e p
G Shearmodulus 100ε Percentelongation
f
H,n Monotonicσ-εconstants ε˜ Truefracturestrain
f
� �
H ,n Cyclicσ-εconstants ν Poisson’sratio
HB Brinellhardness ρ Density
HV Vickershardness σ Engineeringfracturestrength
f
K Planestrainfracturetoughness σ˜ Truefracturestrength
Ic fB
K Environmentalcrackingthreshold σ Bendstrength
IEAC fb
%RA Percentreductioninarea σ Yieldstrength
o
T Heatdeflectiontemperature σ Ultimatetensilestrength
d u
T Glasstransitiontemperature σ Ultimatecompressivestrength
g uc
UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
SIEquivalent
Quantity SIUnit U.S.Unit toU.S.Unit
Length meter(m) inch(in) 0.0254m
millimeter(mm) inch(in) 25.4mm
Force newton(N) pound(lb) 4.448N
kilonewton(kN) kilopound(kip) 4.448kN
Momentor N·m lb·in 0.1130N·m
Torque
Energy joule(J)=N·m in·lb 0.1130J
ft·lb 1.356J
calorie(cal) 4.184J
Energyper J/m3 in·lb/in3 6895J/m3
UnitVolume
Stressor pascal(Pa)=N/m2 psi=lb/in2 6895Pa
Pressure MPa=MN/m2=N/mm2 ksi=kip/in2 6.895MPa
√ √ √
StressIntensity MPa m ksi in 1.099MPa m
KofFracture
Mechanics
Notes:
(1)Understandardgravityonearth,a1kilogram(kg)masshasaweightforceof
9.807N,or2.205lb.Also,forstress,(σ,kg/mm2)×9.807=(σ,MPa).
(2)Timeisgiveninunitsofseconds(s),minutes(min),orhours(h).
(3)TemperatureisgivenindegreesCelsius(◦C),ontheabsolutescaleofkelvins
(K),orindegreesFahrenheit(◦F).Conversionsare
T(◦F)−32
T(K)=T(◦C)+273.15, T(◦C)=
1.8
(4)Prefixesindicatingchangesintheorderofmagnitudeofthebasicunits,such
as103N=kN,areasfollows:
Prefix giga mega kilo centi milli micro nano
Symbol G M k c m μ n
Factor 109 106 103 10−2 10−3 10−6 10−9
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Mechanical Behavior
of Materials
Fifth Edition
Global Edition
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Mechanical Behavior
of Materials
Engineering Methods for Deformation,
Fracture, and Fatigue
Fifth Edition
Global Edition
Norman E. Dowling
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA, USA
Stephen L. Kampe
Michigan Technological University
Houghton, MI, USA
Milo V. Kral
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand
May23,2019 A01_DOWL6545_05_SE_CPR.tex page xvii
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Contents
PREFACE 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 18
1 Introduction 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 TypesofMaterialFailure 20
1.3 DesignandMaterialsSelection 29
1.4 TechnologicalChallenge 34
1.5 EconomicImportanceofFracture 36
1.6 Summary 37
References 38
ProblemsandQuestions 38
2 Structure,Defects,andDeformationinMaterials 40
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 BondinginSolids 42
2.3 StructureinCrystallineMaterials 45
2.4 DefectsinMaterials 48
2.5 ElasticDeformationandTheoreticalStrength 53
2.6 InelasticDeformation 58
2.7 Summary 63
References 64
ProblemsandQuestions 64
3 MechanicalTesting:TensionTestandStress–StrainMechanisms 66
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 IntroductiontoTensionTest 71
3.3 EngineeringStress–StrainProperties 76
3.4 MaterialsScienceDescriptionofTensileBehavior 85
3.5 TrendsinTensileBehavior 89
7
8 Contents
3.6 TrueStress–StrainInterpretationofTensionTest 95
3.7 MaterialsSelectionforEngineeringComponents 106
3.8 Summary 112
References 113
ProblemsandQuestions 114
4 MechanicalTesting:AdditionalBasicTests 124
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 CompressionTest 124
4.3 HardnessTests 129
4.4 Notch-ImpactTests 137
4.5 BendingandTorsionTests 142
4.6 Summary 147
References 148
ProblemsandQuestions 148
5 Stress–StrainRelationshipsandBehavior 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 ModelsforDeformationBehavior 154
5.3 ElasticDeformation 165
5.4 AnisotropicMaterials 177
5.5 Summary 186
References 188
ProblemsandQuestions 188
6 ReviewofComplexandPrincipalStatesofStressandStrain 196
6.1 Introduction 196
6.2 PlaneStress 197
6.3 PrincipalStressesandtheMaximumShearStress 207
6.4 Three-DimensionalStatesofStress 215
6.5 StressesontheOctahedralPlanes 222
6.6 ComplexStatesofStrain 224
6.7 Summary 229
References 230
ProblemsandQuestions 230
7 YieldingandFractureunderCombinedStresses 236
7.1 Introduction 236
7.2 GeneralFormofFailureCriteria 238
7.3 MaximumNormalStressFractureCriterion 240
7.4 MaximumShearStressYieldCriterion 243
