Mechanical behavior of materials : engineering methods for deformation, fracture, and fatigue

975 Pages·2013·12.24 MB·English

by  Narayanasamy

Mechanical Behavior
of Materials
This page intentionally left blank
Mechanical Behavior
of Materials
Engineering Methods for Deformation,
Fracture, and Fatigue
Fourth Edition
Norman E. Dowling
FrankMaherProfessorofEngineering
EngineeringScienceandMechanicsDepartment,and
MaterialsScienceandEngineeringDepartment
VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity
Blacksburg,Virginia
International Edition contributions by
KatakamSivaPrasad
AssistantProfessor
DepartmentofMetallurgicalandMaterialsEngineering
NationalInstituteofTechnology
Tiruchirappalli
R.Narayanasamy
Professor
DepartmentofProductionEngineering
NationalInstituteofTechnology
Tiruchirappalli
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AuthorizedadaptationfromtheUnitedStatesedition,entitledMechanicalBehaviorofMaterials,EngineeringMethodsforDeformation,
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Contents
PREFACE 11
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17
1 Introduction 19
1.1 Introduction 19
1.2 TypesofMaterialFailure 20
1.3 DesignandMaterialsSelection 28
1.4 TechnologicalChallenge 34
1.5 EconomicImportanceofFracture 36
1.6 Summary 37
References 38
ProblemsandQuestions 38
2 StructureandDeformationinMaterials 40
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 BondinginSolids 42
2.3 StructureinCrystallineMaterials 46
2.4 ElasticDeformationandTheoreticalStrength 50
2.5 InelasticDeformation 55
2.6 Summary 61
References 62
ProblemsandQuestions 63
3 ASurveyofEngineeringMaterials 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 AlloyingandProcessingofMetals 66
3.3 IronsandSteels 72
3.4 NonferrousMetals 80
3.5 Polymers 84
5
6 Contents
3.6 CeramicsandGlasses 94
3.7 CompositeMaterials 100
3.8 MaterialsSelectionforEngineeringComponents 105
3.9 Summary 111
References 113
ProblemsandQuestions 114
4 MechanicalTesting:TensionTestandOtherBasicTests 118
4.1 Introduction 118
4.2 IntroductiontoTensionTest 123
4.3 EngineeringStress–StrainProperties 128
4.4 TrendsinTensileBehavior 137
4.5 TrueStress–StrainInterpretationofTensionTest 143
4.6 CompressionTest 151
4.7 HardnessTests 157
4.8 Notch-ImpactTests 164
4.9 BendingandTorsionTests 169
4.10 Summary 175
References 176
ProblemsandQuestions 177
5 Stress–StrainRelationshipsandBehavior 190
5.1 Introduction 190
5.2 ModelsforDeformationBehavior 191
5.3 ElasticDeformation 201
5.4 AnisotropicMaterials 214
5.5 Summary 223
References 225
ProblemsandQuestions 225
6 ReviewofComplexandPrincipalStatesofStressandStrain 234
6.1 Introduction 234
6.2 PlaneStress 235
6.3 PrincipalStressesandtheMaximumShearStress 245
6.4 Three-DimensionalStatesofStress 253
6.5 StressesontheOctahedralPlanes 260
6.6 ComplexStatesofStrain 262
6.7 Summary 267
References 269
ProblemsandQuestions 269
Contents 7
7 YieldingandFractureunderCombinedStresses 275
7.1 Introduction 275
7.2 GeneralFormofFailureCriteria 277
7.3 MaximumNormalStressFractureCriterion 279
7.4 MaximumShearStressYieldCriterion 282
7.5 OctahedralShearStressYieldCriterion 288
7.6 DiscussionoftheBasicFailureCriteria 295
7.7 Coulomb–MohrFractureCriterion 301
7.8 ModifiedMohrFractureCriterion 311
7.9 AdditionalCommentsonFailureCriteria 318
7.10 Summary 321
References 322
ProblemsandQuestions 323
8 FractureofCrackedMembers 334
8.1 Introduction 334
8.2 PreliminaryDiscussion 337
8.3 MathematicalConcepts 344
8.4 ApplicationofK toDesignandAnalysis 348
8.5 AdditionalTopicsonApplicationofK 359
8.6 FractureToughnessValuesandTrends 371
8.7 PlasticZoneSize,andPlasticityLimitationsonLEFM 381
8.8 DiscussionofFractureToughnessTesting 390
8.9 ExtensionsofFractureMechanicsBeyondLinearElasticity 391
8.10 Summary 398
References 401
ProblemsandQuestions 402
9 FatigueofMaterials:IntroductionandStress-BasedApproach 416
9.1 Introduction 416
9.2 DefinitionsandConcepts 418
9.3 SourcesofCyclicLoading 429
9.4 FatigueTesting 430
9.5 ThePhysicalNatureofFatigueDamage 435
9.6 TrendsinS-N Curves 441
9.7 MeanStresses 451
9.8 MultiaxialStresses 463
9.9 VariableAmplitudeLoading 468
9.10 Summary 478
References 479
ProblemsandQuestions 481
8 Contents
10 Stress-BasedApproachtoFatigue:NotchedMembers 491
10.1 Introduction 491
10.2 NotchEffects 493
10.3 NotchSensitivityandEmpiricalEstimatesofk 497
f
10.4 EstimatingLong-LifeFatigueStrengths(FatigueLimits) 501
10.5 NotchEffectsatIntermediateandShortLives 506
10.6 CombinedEffectsofNotchesandMeanStress 510
10.7 EstimatingS-N Curves 520
10.8 UseofComponentS-N Data 527
10.9 DesigningtoAvoidFatigueFailure 536
10.10 Discussion 541
10.11 Summary 542
References 544
ProblemsandQuestions 545
11 FatigueCrackGrowth 560
11.1 Introduction 560
11.2 PreliminaryDiscussion 561
11.3 FatigueCrackGrowthRateTesting 569
11.4 Effectsof R = S /S onFatigueCrackGrowth 574
min max
11.5 TrendsinFatigueCrackGrowthBehavior 584
11.6 LifeEstimatesforConstantAmplitudeLoading 590
11.7 LifeEstimatesforVariableAmplitudeLoading 601
11.8 DesignConsiderations 607
11.9 PlasticityAspectsandLimitationsofLEFMforFatigueCrack
Growth 609
11.10 EnvironmentalCrackGrowth 616
11.11 Summary 621
References 623
ProblemsandQuestions 624
12 PlasticDeformationBehaviorandModelsforMaterials 638
12.1 Introduction 638
12.2 Stress–StrainCurves 641
12.3 Three-DimensionalStress–StrainRelationships 649
12.4 UnloadingandCyclicLoadingBehaviorfromRheological
Models 659
12.5 CyclicStress–StrainBehaviorofRealMaterials 668
12.6 Summary 681
References 683
ProblemsandQuestions 684
Contents 9
13 Stress–StrainAnalysisofPlasticallyDeformingMembers 693
13.1 Introduction 693
13.2 PlasticityinBending 694
13.3 ResidualStressesandStrainsforBending 703
13.4 PlasticityofCircularShaftsinTorsion 707
13.5 NotchedMembers 710
13.6 CyclicLoading 722
13.7 Summary 733
References 734
ProblemsandQuestions 735
14 Strain-BasedApproachtoFatigue 745
14.1 Introduction 745
14.2 StrainVersusLifeCurves 748
14.3 MeanStressEffects 758
14.4 MultiaxialStressEffects 767
14.5 LifeEstimatesforStructuralComponents 771
14.6 Discussion 781
14.7 Summary 789
References 790
ProblemsandQuestions 791
15 Time-DependentBehavior:CreepandDamping 802
15.1 Introduction 802
15.2 CreepTesting 804
15.3 PhysicalMechanismsofCreep 809
15.4 Time–TemperatureParametersandLifeEstimates 821
15.5 CreepFailureunderVaryingStress 833
15.6 Stress–Strain–TimeRelationships 836
15.7 CreepDeformationunderVaryingStress 841
15.8 CreepDeformationunderMultiaxialStress 848
15.9 ComponentStress–StrainAnalysis 850
15.10 EnergyDissipation(Damping)inMaterials 855
15.11 Summary 864
References 867
ProblemsandQuestions 868
AppendixA ReviewofSelectedTopicsfromMechanicsofMaterials 880
A.1 Introduction 880
A.2 BasicFormulasforStressesandDeflections 880