Table Of ContentGeophysical Monograph Series
American Geophysical
Geophysical Monograph Series
A. F. Spilhaus, Jr., Managing Editor
i Antarctica in the International Geophysical Year, A. P. Crary, L. M. Gould, E. O. Hul-
burt, Hugh Odishaw, and Waldo E. Smith (editors)
2 Geophysicsa nd the IGY, Hugh Odishawa nd StanleyR uttenberg( editors)
3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Chlorine and Sulfur Compounds, James P. Lodge, Jr. (edi-
tor)
4 Contemporary Geodesy, Charles A. Whitten and Kenneth H. Drummond (editors)
5 Physicso f Precipitation,H elmut Weickmann( editor)
6 The Crust of the Pacific Basin, Gordon A. Macdonald and Hisashi Kuno (editors)
7 Antarctic Research: The Matthew Fontaine Maury Memorial Symposium, H. Wexler,
M. J. Rubin, and J. E. Caskey, Jr. (editors)
8 Terrestrial Heat Flow, William H. K. Lee (editor)
9 Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed Areas, Hyman Orlin (editor)
10 The Earth Beneath the Continents: A Volume in Honor of Merle A. Tuve, John S. Stein-
hart and T. Jefferson Smith (editors)
11 Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle, Glenn E. Stout (editor)
12 The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area, Leon Knopoff, Charles L. Drake, and
Pembroke J. Hart (editors)
13 The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle, Pembroke J. Hart (editor)
14 The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, John G. Heacock (editor)
15 The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy, Soren W. Henriksen, Armando Mancini,
and Bernard H. Chovitz (editors)
16 Flow and Fracture of Rocks, H. C. Heard, I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter, and C. B. Raleigh
(editors)
17 Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects, William C. Ackermann,
Gilbert F. White, and E. B. Worthington (editors)
18 The Upper Atmosphere in Motion: A Selection of Papers With Annotation, C. 0. Hines
and Colleagues
19 The Geophysics of the Pacific Ocean Basin and Its Margin: A Volume in Honor of
George P. Woollard, George H. Sutton, Murli H. Manghnani, and Ralph Moberly
(editors)
20 The Earth's Crust, John G. Heacock (editor)
21 Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes,W . P. Olson (editor)
22 Derivation, Meaning, and Use of Geomagnetic Indices, P. N. Mayaud
23 The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands, Dennis E.
Hayes(editor)
24 Mechanical Behavior of Crustal Rocks: The Handin Volume, N. L. Carter,
M. Friedman, J. M. Logan, and D. W. Stearns
geophysical monograph 24
Mechanical Behavior of
Crustal Rocks
The Handin Volume
N. L. Carter
M. Friedman
J. M. Logan
D. W. Stearns
editors
American Geophysical Union
Washington, D.C.
American Geophysical Union
Published under the aegis of the AGU
Geophysical Monograph Board:
Thomas E. Graedel, Chairman;
Donald H. Eckhardt, William I. Rose, Jr.,
Rob Van der Voo, Ray F. Weiss, William R. Winkler
Library of CongressC ataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Mechanical behavior of crustal rocks.
(Geophysicalm onograph;n o. 24)
A collection of papers in honor of John Handin.
Includes bibliographies.
1. Rock deformation--Addresses, essays, lectures. 2.
Earth--Crust--Addresses, essays,l ectures. 3. Geodynam-
ics--Addresses, essays, lectures. 4. Handin, John. I.
Handin, John. II. Carter, N. L. (Neville Louis), 1934- .
III. American GeophysicalU nion. IV. Series.
QE604.M42 551.8 81-4626
ISBN 0-87590-024-0 AACR2
Published by
American Geophysical Union
2000 Florida Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20009
Copyright ¸ 1981 by
American Geophysical Union
Figures, tables and short excerpts may be re-
printed in scientific books and journals if the
source is properly cited; all other rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of
CONTENTS
John Walter Handin The Editors ix
Mechanicso f Deformation of Crustal Rocks:H istorical Development M. King Hubbert I
Calcite Fabrics in Experimental Shear Zones M. Friedman and N. G. Higgs 11
Anisotropy in the Rheology of Hydrolytically Weakened Synthetic Quartz Crystals Mark
F. Linker and Stephen H. Kirby 29
An Experimental Study of the Role of Water in Quartz Deformation K. R. S.S. Kekula-
wala, M. S. Paterson, and J. N. Boland 49
Creep and Creep Rupture of Granitic Rocks Neville L. Carter, Douglas A. Anderson,
Francis D. Hansen, and Robert L. Kranz 61
Activation Volume for Steady State Creep in Polycrystalline CsCl: Cesium Chloride Struc-
ture H. C. Heard and S. H. Kirby 83
Stiff Testing Machines, Stick Slip Sliding, and the Stability of Rock Deformation Neville
G. W. Cook 93
Constitutive Properties of Faults With Simulated Gouge James H. Dieterich 103
Laboratory Studieso n Natural Gouge From the U.S. GeologicalS urvey Dry Lake Valley No.
I Well, San Andreas Fault Zone John M. Logan, N. G. Higgs, and M. Friedman 121
Pore Volume ChangesD uring Frictional Sliding of Simulated Faults L. W. Teufel 135
Fluid Flow Along Very SmoothJ oints at Effective Pressuresu p to 200 Megapascals Terry
Engelder and ChristopherH . Scholz 147
Thermomechanical Properties of Galesville Sandstone J. D. Blacic, P. H. Halleck, P.
D'Onfro, and R. E. Riecker 153
Field Mechanical Properties of a Jointed Sandstone H. S. Swolfs, C. E. Brechtel, W. F.
Brace, and H. R. Pratt 161
Casef or Low Deviatoric Stress in the Lithosphere Barry Raleigh and Jack Evernden 173
The Origin of Measured Residual Strains in Crustal Rocks Earl R. Hoskins and James E.
Russell 187
Stress Measurements Via Shallow Overcoring Near the San Andreas Fault Terry E.
Tullis 199
Understanding Faulting in the Shallow Crust: Contributions of SelectedE xperimental and
Theoretical Studies D. W. Stearns, G. D. Couples,W . R. Jamison, and J. D. Morse 215
Probabilistic Treatment of Faulting in Geologic Media Fred A. Donath and Robert M.
Cranwell 231
Strain in the Ramp Regions of Two Minor Thrusts, Southern Canadian Rocky Moun-
tains J. H. Spang, T. L. Wolcott,a nd S. Serra 243
Analysis of a Horizontal Catastrophic Landslide E.G. Bombolakis 251
Tectonicso f China: Continental Scale Cataclastic Flow John J. Gallagher, Jr.
A Constitutive Equation for One-Dimensional Transient and Steady State Flow of Sol-
ids Anthony F. Gangi 275
A Nonlinear Least SquaresT echniquef or Determining Multiple-Mechanism,H igh-Temper-
ature Creep Flow Laws David K. Parrish and Anthony F. Gangi 287
Wavefronts in Transversely Isotropic Media H. Od(cid:127) 299
A Discussiono f the Approximation of Subsurface (Burial) Stress Conditions in Laboratory
Experiments R. A. Nelson 311
Reflections on the Value of Laboratory Tests on Rocks P.E. Gretener 323
Mechanical Behavior of
Crustal Rocks
The Handin
John Walter Handin
John Walter Handin was born June 27, 1919, in Salt gineering geology. Meanwhile, David Griggs had joined
Lake City, but his family moved soon thereafter to west the Institute of Geophysics,a nd knowing of him from
Los Angeles, then a lovely and exciting place in which to readings in Gilluly's courses, Handin took the first semi-
grow up. The Santa Monica Mountains were a wilderness nar that Griggs offered at UCLA--an experience at once
to be explored, and the Pacific surf could be dared for a humbling,p rovoking,a nd loving. After years of groping,
dime's carfare. Handin abruptly discovered what to him was the new
Handin's paternal grandparents came from Sweden on world of tectonophysics.I n Grigg's words, 'John made this
that vast crest of immigration during the latter half of the field his own, and started on his remarkable career.' He re-
nineteenth century. His maternal grandparents descended maineda t the Institute as a postdoctorafle llow for a year,
from English pilgrims who settled New England early in working with Griggs in the high-pressurela boratory and
the seventeenth century. His parents had no formal educa- Frank Turner of the University of California at Berkeley
tion beyond high school;h owever, despite much hardship, on dynamic petrofabric analysis of experimentally de-
they encouragedh im to go on to college during the great formed marble.
depression. In 1950, Handin accompanied Griggs to the annual
Handin wanted very much to study linguistics because meeting of the American GeophysicalU nions where he
instruction in his high schoolh ad been superior in English presented a scientific paper for the first time and met
and foreign languages, but mediocre in mathematics, Francis Birch, Walter Bucher, Maurice Ewing, Harry
chemistry, and physics, and utterly ignored in earth sci- Hess, King Hubbert, and William Rubey, a most ex-
ence. However, the pragmatism of the time led him to civil hilarating experience for a young researcher. He learned
engineering at UCLA. As his professor in the required of Hubbert's plan for a researchp rogram in structural ge-
course in geology he luckily drew William C. Putnam, an ology at Shell's Exploration and ProductionR esearchL ab-
inspiring teacher and remarkable human being, who oratory in Houston. There were only two very high-pres-
taught his students to believe as did Charles Darwin that sure (ca. I GPa) rock-deformation facilities in the
'geologyc arries the day.' But the world was in turmoil and country: at UCLA (Griggs) and Harvard (F. Birch, P. W.
devotion to scholarshipa ll but impossible. Handin was Bridgman, and later, Gene Robertson). Because federal
awarded the bachelor's degree in geology without dis- funding of academicr esearch was very small (except in
tinction and promptly went to war in 1941 as a 2nd lieu- nuclear physics), the opportunity to build a relatively ex-
tenant in the Coast Artillery Corps. Later converted to pensive high-pressurel aboratory was unique. Handin ea-
field artillery, his battalion fought for the liberation of the gerly grasped it and he joined Shell in late 1950. Hubbert
Philippine Islands and in the battle for Okinawa; he is now and Rubey becameh is lifelong friends along with Gilluly
a retired Lt. Colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve. His inter- and Griggs and, by example, these four men largely
est in geology having been sustained by regular corre- shapedH andin's professionall ife.
spondencew ith Putnam during the war, he returned to At Shell, Handin created a laboratory for experimental
UCLA five years later. Its geology department had sud- rock deformation that was to become world famous, and
denly becomeo utstanding by the addition of Milton Bram- he adopted and perfected the theoretical, experimental,
lette, James Gilluly, and George Tunell to its already good and observational investigative approacht hat has become
faculty. Handin had intended to train for a career in ex- the 'new' structural geology. He was the major figure in
ploration geophysicsin the oil industry, finishing with the the development of the research group in rock mechanics
master's degree in geology and the minor in physics.H ow- and structural geology then unmatched in accomplish-
ever, in 1947 he married Frances Robertson who per- ment, breadth, or talent in a single organization. In 1967
suaded him to continue toward the doctorate and worked Handin moved to Texas A&M University, where he be-
to provide their livelihood as well, for in those days the came Distinguished Professor of Geology and Geophysics
generous financial support, taken for granted by today's and established and was the first Director of the Center
graduate students, was unknown. for Tectonophysics, also known internationally for its
Handin became infected by U.S. Grant's enthusiasm achievements,t his time including graduate education. The
for sedimentological research and earned his doctorate in Center has sponsored 22 doctoral dissertations and 34
1949 for work on the source, transportation, and deposi- master's theses. Handin has served as either chairman or
tion of beach sands. During the course of his study he member of advisory committees for most of these as well
worked part-time for Wally Pentegoff of the U.S. Army as having supported them through research grants and
Corps of Engineers and acquired a lifelong interest in en- contracts. He is now Director of the Earth Resources
ix
