Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 12th Edition Wiley E-Text Card and Interactive Resource Center Access Card

1855 Pages·2014·217.33 MB·English

by  Walter T. Grondzik

twelfth edition
Mechanical
and Electrical
Equipment
for Buildings
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twelfth edition
Mechanical
and Electrical
Equipment
for Buildings
Walter T. Grondzik
Architectural Engineer
Ball State University
Alison G. Kwok
Professor of Architecture
University of Oregon
Cover image: The Hive Library, Worcester, Entrance Steps © Greg Newton/Arcaid/Corbis;
Illustration of the Hive Library © Max Fordham LLP and Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios
Cover design: C. Wallace
Part opener pages are from the drawing set for the Lillis Business Complex at the University of Oregon,
designed by SRG Partnership, Portland, OR.
DISCLAIMER
The information in this book has been derived and extracted from a multitude of sources including building codes, fire
codes, industry codes and standards, manufacturer’s literature, engineering reference works, and personal professional
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Grondzik, Walter T., author.
Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings / Walter T. Grondzik, Architectural Engineer,
Ball State University; Alison G. Kwok, Professor of Architecture, University of Oregon. — 12E.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-118-61590-4 (cloth); 978-1-118-86228-5 (ebk.); 978-1-118-86718-1 (ebk.)
1. Buildings—Mechanical equipment. 2. Buildings—Electric equipment. 3. Buildings—Environmental
engineering. I. Kwok, Alison G., author. II. Title.
TH6010.S74 2014
696—dc23 2013042724
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
PART I THE BUILDING DESIGN CONTEXT 1
Chapter 1 2 .5 Design Challenges 45
DeSIGN prOCeSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 .6 How Are We Doing? 48
1 .1 Introduction 4 2 .7 Case Study—Design Process and
1 .2 Design Intent 7 Environmental Resources 50
1 .3 Design Criteria 8
1 .4 Methods and Tools 8 Chapter 3
SIteS aND reSOurCeS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1 .5 Validation and Evaluation 9
1 .6 Influences on the Design Process 10 3 .1 Climates 61
1 .7 A Philosophy of Design 20 3 .2 Climates within Climates 63
1 .8 Lessons from the Field 24 3 .3 Buildings and Sites 67
1 .9 Case Study—Design Process 25 3 .4 Analyzing the Site 67
3 .5 Site Design Strategies 68
Chapter 2 3 .6 Direct Sun and Daylight 70
eNvIrONmeNtal reSOurCeS . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 .7 Sound and Airflow 79
2 .1 Introduction 31 3 .8 Rain and Groundwater 91
2 .2 Energy 33 3 .9 Plants 95
2 .3 Water 37 3 .10 Case Study—Site and Resource Design 99
2 .4 Materials 39
PART II DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS 107
Chapter 4 Chapter 6
thermal COmfOrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 SOlar GeOmetry aND ShaDING DevICeS . . 167
4 .1 The Body and Heat 109 6 .1 The Sun and Its Position 167
4 .2 Psychrometry 112 6 .2 Solar versus Clock Time 170
4 .3 Thermal Comfort 113 6 .3 True South and Magnetic Deviation 171
6 .4 Sunpath Projections 172
Chapter 5 6 .5 Shading 178
INDOOr aIr QualIty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6 .6 Shadow Angles and Shading Masks 185
5 .1 Indoor Air Quality and Building Design 130
5 .2 Pollutant Sources and Impacts 131 Chapter 7
5 .3 Predicting Indoor Air Quality 134 heat flOw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5 .4 Zoning for IAQ 136 7 .1 The Building Envelope 193
5 .5 Passive and Low‐Energy Approaches for 7 .2 Building Envelope Design
Control of IAQ 139 Intentions 194
5 .6 Active Approaches for Control of IAQ 147 7 .3 Sensible Heat Flow through Opaque Walls
5 .7 IAQ, Materials, and Health 163 and Roofs 199
vii
viii Contents
7 .4 Latent Heat Flow through the Opaque 7 .7 Heat Flow via Air Movement 224
Envelope 213 7 .8 Calculating Envelope Heat Flows 225
7 .5 Heat Flow through Transparent/Translucent 7 .9 Envelope Thermal Design
Elements 215 Standards 229
7 .6 Trends in Envelope Thermal 7 .10 Case Study—Heat Flow and Envelope
Performance 221 Design 230
PART III PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL Sy STEMS 239
Chapter 8 9 .5 Calculations for Heating‐Season Fuel
DaylIGhtING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Consumption (Conventional Buildings) 309
8 .1 The Daylighting Opportunity 242 9 .6 Detailed Calculations: Passive Heating
8 .2 Human Factors in Daylighting Performance 314
Design 243 9 .7 Case Study—Designing for Passive
8 .3 Site Strategies for Daylighting Heating 330
Buildings 244
8 .4 Aperture Strategies: Sidelighting 250 Chapter 10
paSSIve COOlING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8 .5 Aperture Strategies: Toplighting 252
8 .6 Specialized Daylighting 10 .1 Brief History 337
Strategies 255 10 .2 Design Strategies for Cooling 338
8 .7 Basic Characteristics of Light 10 .3 Summer Heat Gain Guidelines 342
Sources 257 10 .4 Passive Cooling Guidelines 343
8 .8 Sky Conditions 258 10 .5 Reintegrating Daylighting, Passive Solar
8 .9 Daylight Factor 263 Heating, and Cooling 359
8 .10 Components of Daylight 263 10 .6 Approximate Method for Calculating Heat
8 .11 Guidelines for Preliminary Daylighting Gain (Cooling Load) 360
Design 266 10 .7 Detailed Hourly Heat Gain (Cooling Load)
8 .12 Design Analysis Methods 267 Calculations 364
8 .13 Daylighting Simulation Programs 281 10 .8 Detailed Calculations: Passive Cooling
8 .14 Physical Modeling 284 Performance 365
8 .15 Recapping Daylighting 286
Chapter 11
8 .16 Case Study—Daylighting Design 287
INteGratING paSSIve SyStemS . . . . . . . . . 393
Chapter 9 11 .1 Organizing the Design Problem 394
paSSIve heatING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 11 .2 Example Design Project 394
9 .1 Brief History 295 11 .3 Project Performance 411
9 .2 Design Strategies for Heating 296 11 .4 Project Summary 411
9 .3 Guidelines: Passive Solar Heating 300 11 .5 Case Study—Designing for Passive Heating
9 .4 Calculating Worst‐Hourly Heat Loss 308 and Cooling 412
PART IV ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL Sy STEMS 419
Chapter 12 12 .3 Relevant Codes and Standards 424
aCtIve ClImate CONtrOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
12 .4 Fundamentals 424
12 .1 Introduction 421
12 .2 History and Context 423 hvaC Components 438