Table Of ContentMeasurement Systems and Sensors
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Measurement Systems and Sensors
Waldemar Nawrocki
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Nawrocki, Waldemar
Measurement systems and sensors.
1. Measuring instruments 2. Detectors 3. Electronic instruments, Digital
I. Title
681.2
ISBN 1-58053-945-9
Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner
© 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
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International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-945-9
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Chapter 1 Computer-Based Measurement Systems 1
1.1 Configuration and Structure of Measurement Systems 1
1.2 Interface System 5
1.2.1 Interface System Meaning 5
1.2.2 Interface Bus 6
1.2.3 Interface Functions 7
1.3 Computer in Measurement Systems 8
1.3.1 Computer Architecture 8
1.3.2 Buses and Parallel Rails in the Computer 9
1.3.3 Universal Serial Bus 12
1.3.4 IEEE-1394 Serial Bus 17
Selected Bibliography 20
Chapter 2 Temperature Sensors 21
2.1 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) 21
2.2 Resistance Sensors 23
2.2.1 Platinum Sensors 23
2.2.2 Thermistors 26
2.3 Thermocouples 29
2.4 Semiconductor Temperature Sensors 34
References 40
Chapter 3 Stress and Pressure Sensors 41
3.1 Mechanical Stresses and Pressure 41
3.2 Resistance Strain Gauges 42
3.3 Capacitive Gauges 47
3.4 Piezoelectric Sensors 48
3.5 Semiconductor Pressure Sensors 49
References 52
Chapter 4 Signal Conditioners 53
4.1 Voltage and Current Amplifiers 54
4.2 Voltage Conditioners 59
4.3 Conditioners for Temperature Sensors 61
4.4 Conditioners for Strain Gauges and Piezoelectric Sensors 63
4.5 Conditioners for Linear Position Sensors 65
References 67
v
vi Measurement Systems and Sensors
Chapter 5 Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Converters 69
5.1 Sampling and Quantizing 69
5.1.1 Sampling 69
5.1.2 Quantizing 72
5.2 Digital-to-Analog Converters 74
5.2.1 Parameters of Digital-to-Analog Converters 74
5.2.2 DACs with Resistor Dividers 76
5.2.3 DACs with PDM 81
5.2.4 Integrated DACs 83
5.3 Analog-to-Digital Converters 86
5.3.1 A/D Conversion Methods 86
5.3.2 Dual Slope Converters 87
5.3.3 Converters with Voltage-to-Frequency
Conversion 92
5.3.4 ADCs with SAR 95
5.3.5 Flash Converters 97
5.3.6 Delta-Sigma ADCs 98
References 99
Selected Bibliography 100
Chapter 6 Measurement Systems with Serial Interface 101
6.1 Measurement Serial Interfaces: An Overview 101
6.2 RS-232 Serial Interface System 102
6.2.1 General Description 102
6.2.2 Transmission in the RS-232C Interface System 104
6.2.3 RS-232C Interface Bus 109
6.2.4 Current Loop in the RS-232C Interface System 112
6.2.5 Null Modem Measurement System with the
RS-232C Interface 113
6.3 Programming of Measurement System with the RS-232C
Interface 117
6.3.1 Programming of the Null Modem System 117
6.3.2 ScopeView Program for the Metex Multimeter 118
6.3.3 Thermo Program for Temperature
Measurements 122
6.4 Measurement Systems with the RS-232C Interface and
Modem 127
6.4.1 Modem 127
6.4.2 System with the RS-232C Interface and
Telephone Modem 131
6.4.3 Programs for Data Transmission Control in
a Distributed Measurement System 134
Contents vii
6.5 Other Serial Interface Systems 138
6.5.1 RS-449 and RS-530 Serial Interface Systems 138
6.5.2 RS-485 and RS-422A Standards for Serial
Interface Circuits 141
6.5.3 A Comparison of RS Serial Interface
Standards 144
6.6 Smart Sensors Interfaces 147
6.6.1 Smart Sensors 147
6.6.2 PROFIBUS Interface System 148
6.6.3 CAN Interface System 151
6.6.4 MicroLAN Interface System 157
6.7 Power Line Communication for Measurements 160
6.7.1 General Description of PLC 160
6.7.2 Communication Protocols for PLC 163
6.7.3 Data Acquisition System from Electricity
Meters 164
References 165
Chapter 7 Wireless Measurement Systems 167
7.1 Wireless Transmission of Measurement Data 167
7.2 Measurement Systems with GSM-Based Data
Transmission 168
7.2.1 GSM Mobile Phone Network 168
7.2.2 GSM-Based Data Transmission 171
7.2.3 AT Commands 182
7.2.4 GSM-Based Distributed Measurement Systems 185
7.2.5 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
and Measurement Data Transmission 191
7.3 Radiomodem-Based Measurement Systems 198
7.3.1 Radio Channels and Radiomodems 198
7.3.2 Radiomodems in Measurement Systems 200
7.3.3 Distributed Measurement Systems with Radio
Transmission: GSM-Based Versus
Radiomodem- Based 202
7.4 Short-Distance Wireless Data Transmission 203
7.4.1 IrDA Infrared Link 203
7.4.2 Bluetooth High-Frequency Radio Link 206
7.4.3 Short-Distance Wireless Transmission
Systems under Development 211
References 213
Selected Bibliography 214
viii Measurement Systems and Sensors
Chapter 8 Measurement Systems with IEEE-488 Interface 215
8.1 IEEE-488 (IEC-625) Parallel Interface Standard 215
8.1.1 Parallel Interfaces 215
8.1.2 IEEE-488 Interface Basic Specifications and
Applications 216
8.1.3 Controller of IEEE-488 System 218
8.1.4 IEEE-488 Interface Bus and Cable 224
8.1.5 IEEE-488 Interface Functions 228
8.2 IEEE-488 Interface Messages and Their Transfer 230
8.2.1 Interface Message Types 230
8.2.2 Remote Messages 232
8.2.3 Local Messages 236
8.2.4 Message Transfer in Handshake Mode 237
8.3 Enhancements in Measurement Systems with
IEEE-488 Interface 238
8.3.1 Enhancing Transfer Rates in Measurement
Systems: HS488 Protocol 238
8.3.2 Increasing the Number of Devices in
Measurement Systems 241
8.3.3 Distributed Measurement Systems with
IEEE-488 Interface 243
8.4 IEEE-488 Interface Function State Diagrams 247
8.4.1 Execution of Interface Functions 247
8.4.2 Acceptor Handshake Function 248
8.4.3 Listener Function 251
8.4.4 Source Handshake Function 252
8.4.5 Talker Function 253
8.4.6 Service Request Function 255
8.4.7 Remote/Local Function 256
8.4.8 Device Clear Function 257
8.4.9 Device Trigger Function 257
8.4.10 Parallel Poll Function 258
8.4.11 Controller Function 259
References 263
Chapter 9 Crate and Modular Measurement Systems 265
9.1 CAMAC System 265
9.1.1 Crate and Modular Measurement Systems:
An Overview 265
9.1.2 CAMAC System Organization 266
9.1.3 CAMAC Dataway 267
9.2 VXI Measurement System 268
9.2.1 General Specification 268
9.2.2 VXI Buses 270
Contents ix
9.3 PXI Modular Measurement System 273
9.3.1 General Specification 273
9.3.2 PXI Bus 274
9.3.3 PXI System Modules 275
9.3.4 PXI Measurement System Configuration 277
9.4 Centronics and IEEE-1284 Interfaces in Measurement
Systems 278
9.4.1 Centronics Interface 278
9.4.2 IEEE-1284 Interface 280
References 281
Chapter 10 LAN-Based Measurement Systems 283
10.1 Introduction 283
10.2 Ethernet Hardware 284
10.3 Ethernet Transfer Protocol 288
10.4 Ethernet-Based Measurement Systems 291
10.4.1 Ethernet-Based Measurement Systems with
LAN/IEEE-488 Converters 291
10.4.2 Measurement Systems with a LAN Interface 293
10.5 Internet-Based Measurement Systems and Systems
with Embedded Web Servers 295
References 300
Chapter 11 DAQ Boards and Virtual Instruments 301
11.1 Computer DAQ Boards 301
11.1.1 Structure and Functions of a DAQ Board 301
11.1.2 DAQ Board Specifications 303
11.1.3 Selected DAQ Board Model Specifications 305
11.2 Virtual Instruments 308
11.3 Programming of Measurement Systems and Virtual
Instruments 310
11.3.1 Software Development in the LabVIEW
Environment 311
11.3.2 Programming of LAN-Based and
Internet-Based Measurement Systems 314
References 316
Acronyms and Abbreviations 317
About the Author 319
Index 321
