Measurement and analysis of overvoltages in power systems

370 Pages·2018·23.906 MB·English

by  Li, Jianming

MeasurementandAnalysisofOvervoltagesinPowerSystems
Measurement and Analysis of Overvoltages
in Power Systems
JianmingLi
SichuanElectricPowerResearchInstitute(SEPRI)
StateGridCorporationofChina(SGCC)
Sichuan,China
Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Li,Jianming,1952-author.
Title:Measurementandanalysisofovervoltagesinpowersystems/by
JianmingLi.
Description:Singapore;Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017041391(print)|LCCN2017055744(ebook)|ISBN
9781119129059(pdf)|ISBN9781119129042(epub)|ISBN9781119128991
(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Overvoltage.
Classification:LCCTK7870(ebook)|LCCTK7870.L48252018(print)|DDC
621.31/7–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017041391
CoverdesignbyWiley
Coverimage:©Pobytov/Gettyimages
Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface xiii
1 OvervoltageMechanismsinPowerSystems 1
1.1 ElectromagneticTransientsandOvervoltageClassification 1
1.1.1 ElectromagneticTransientsinPowerSystem 1
1.1.2 CharacteristicsandResearchMethodsofElectromagneticTransients 2
1.1.2.1 RefractionandReflectionofTravellingWaves 4
1.1.2.2 PetersonPrinciple 5
1.1.2.3 MultipleRefractionandReflectionofTravellingWaves 9
1.1.2.4 EvaluationofOvervoltagesUsingtheBergeronMethod 12
1.2 OvervoltageClassificationinPowerSystems 14
1.2.1 OvervoltageClassification 14
1.3 AtmosphericOvervoltages 16
1.3.1 LightningDischarge 16
1.3.2 LightningParameters 18
1.3.2.1 FrequencyofLightningActivities–ThunderstormDaysandThunderstorm
Hours 18
1.3.2.2 GroundFlashDensity 19
1.3.2.3 LightningCurrentAmplitude 19
1.3.2.4 FrontTime,FrontSteepnessandWavelengthoftheLightningCurrent 19
1.3.2.5 LightningCurrentWaveformsforCalculation 19
1.3.3 InducedLightningOvervoltages 20
1.3.3.1 InducedLightningOvervoltagesontheLineWhenLightningStrikesthe
GroundNeartheLine 20
1.3.3.2 InducedOvervoltagesontheLineWhenLightningStrikestheLine
Tower 22
1.3.4 DirectLightningOvervoltages 23
1.3.4.1 OvervoltagesDuetoLightningStrikingtheTowerTop 23
1.3.4.2 OvervoltagesDuetoLightningStrikingtheGroundWireatMidspan 24
1.3.4.3 OvervoltagesDuetoShieldingFailures 25
1.4 SwitchingOvervoltages 26
1.4.1 ClosingOvervoltages 26
1.4.1.1 OvervoltagesCausedbyClosingUnloadedLines 26
1.4.1.2 OvervoltagesCausedbyPlannedClosing 26
1.4.1.3 OvervoltagesCausedbyAutomaticReclosing 28
vi Contents
1.4.1.4 FactorsInfluencingClosingOvervoltages 29
1.4.1.5 MeasuresforSuppressingClosingOvervoltages 30
1.4.2 OpeningOvervoltages 30
1.4.2.1 OvervoltagesCausedbyDe-EnergizingUnloadedLines 30
1.4.2.2 PhysicalProcess 31
1.4.2.3 InfluencingFactors 33
1.4.2.4 Measures 33
1.4.2.5 SwitchingOffUnloadedTransformers 34
1.4.2.6 CauseandPhysicalProcess 34
1.4.2.7 WaveformCharacteristics 36
1.4.2.8 InfluencingFactors 37
1.4.2.9 RestrictiveMeasures 38
1.4.3 ArcGroundingOvervoltages 38
1.4.3.1 CauseandFormation 39
1.4.3.2 OvervoltageCharacteristicsandWaveforms 41
1.4.3.3 InfluencingFactors 42
1.4.3.4 RestrictiveMeasures 43
1.4.4 PowerSystemSplittingOvervoltages 44
1.5 PowerFrequencyOvervoltages 47
1.5.1 PowerFrequencyOvervoltagesduetotheFerrantiEffect 48
1.5.2 PowerFrequencyVoltageRiseDuetoAsymmetricalShort-CircuitFaults 51
1.5.3 PowerFrequencyVoltageRiseDuetoLoadRejection 54
1.5.4 PrecautionaryMeasuresforPowerFrequencyOvervoltages 54
1.6 ResonanceOvervoltages 55
1.6.1 LinearResonanceOvervoltages 56
1.6.2 Ferro-ResonanceOvervoltages 59
1.6.3 ParametricResonanceOvervoltages 62
2 TransducersforOnlineOvervoltageMonitoring 65
2.1 OvervoltageTransducersatTransformerBushingTaps 65
2.1.1 Design 65
2.1.1.1 StructuralDesignoftheMainBody 65
2.1.1.2 ProtectionUnitDesign 67
2.1.2 ParameterSetting 68
2.1.2.1 CapacityofVoltage-DividingCapacitance 68
2.1.2.2 VoltageRating 69
2.1.3 FeasibilityAnalysis 70
2.1.3.1 ErrorAnalysisandDynamicErrorCorrection 70
2.1.3.2 ImpulseResponseCharacteristicsTests 71
2.2 GaplessMOAVoltageTransducers 72
2.2.1 Design 74
2.2.2 OperatingPropertiesandFeasibilityAnalysis 75
2.2.2.1 WorkingintheSmallCurrentSection 75
2.2.2.2 WorkingintheLargeCurrentRange 76
2.2.3 AnalysisofFieldApplications 79
2.3 VoltageTransducersforTransmissionLines 81
2.3.1 StructureDesign 81
Contents vii
2.3.1.1 SelectionofShieldingMaterials 82
2.3.1.2 InfluenceoftheShieldingShellontheMeasurement 83
2.3.2 Series-ConnectionCapacitanceCalculationandANSOFTField
Simulation 84
2.3.2.1 CalculationoftheStrayCapacitanceC 84
1
2.3.2.2 3DCapacitanceSimulationUsingAnsoftMaxwell 85
2.3.3 ExperimentalVerificationoftheTransducerModel 89
2.3.3.1 ResultAnalysisofthePowerFrequencyExperiment 89
2.3.3.2 ResultAnalysisofLightningImpulseExperiment 92
2.4 Full-WaveformOpticalOnlineMonitoringTechnology 93
2.4.1 PockelsSensingMaterialSelectionandCrystalDesign 93
2.4.1.1 SelectionofPockelsSensingMaterial 93
2.4.1.2 TechnicalRequirementsforBGOCrystals 94
2.4.1.3 TechnicalRequirementsforBGOTransparentConductiveFilms 95
2.4.2 LongitudinalandTransverseElectro-OpticalModulation 95
3 OnlineOvervoltageMonitoringSystem 99
3.1 Overview 99
3.2 TheStructureofOvervoltageMonitoringSystems 102
3.3 AcquisitionDevicesofOvervoltageMonitoringSystems 103
3.3.1 DesignoftheSignalPreprocessingCircuit 103
3.3.2 DesignoftheTriggerCircuit 104
3.3.3 DesignoftheProtectionUnitControlCircuit 105
3.3.4 SelectionoftheDataAcquisitionCard 106
3.3.4.1 Properties 106
3.3.4.2 DataSamplingTheoryoftheAcquisitionCard 107
3.4 OvervoltageSignalTransmissionSystem 109
3.4.1 OvervoltageSignalTransmissionandMonitoringinInternalNetworks 109
3.4.1.1 PrivateCommunicationNetworks 109
3.4.1.2 GeneralStructure 110
3.4.1.3 ImplementationofInternalNetworkMonitoring 112
3.4.2 TransmissionandMonitoringBasedonWirelessPublicNetworks 113
3.4.2.1 GSMNetworks–Introduction 113
3.4.2.2 GeneralStructureofSystemsBasedonGSMNetworks 114
3.4.2.3 GeneralStructureoftheGPRS-BasedTransmissionSystems 115
3.4.2.4 10GbAll-OpticalCarrierEthernet(CE) 116
3.4.2.5 InfiniBandNetwork 120
3.5 OvervoltageWaveformAnalysisSystem 121
3.5.1 IntroductiontotheWaveformAnalysisSoftware 121
3.5.2 FunctionsandInterfaceDesign 122
3.5.2.1 SerialCommunicationInterface 122
3.5.2.2 Data-LoadingInterface 122
3.5.2.3 SpectrumAnalysisInterface 122
3.5.2.4 MainInterface 122
3.6 RemoteTerminalAnalysisSystemforOvervoltageWaveforms 123
3.7 CaseStudyofOnlineOvervoltageMeasurements 125
3.7.1 LightningOvervoltages 125
viii Contents
3.7.1.1 DirectLightningOvervoltages 125
3.7.1.2 InducedLightningOvervoltages 127
3.7.2 PowerFrequencyOvervoltages 128
3.7.3 ResonanceOvervoltages 131
3.7.3.1 CaseOne 131
3.7.3.2 MeasuringMethods 132
3.7.3.3 MeasurementResults 133
3.7.3.4 Analysis 135
3.7.3.5 CaseTwo 135
3.7.4 StatisticalAnalysisofOvervoltagesina110kVSubstation 137
3.7.4.1 TypicalWaveforms 137
3.7.4.2 DataStatisticsandAnalysis 138
3.7.4.3 Conclusions 139
3.7.5 Single-PhaseGroundingOvervoltages 140
3.7.6 Two-PhaseGroundingOvervoltages 141
3.7.7 IntermittentArcGroundingOvervoltages 141
3.7.8 CaseStudy:MeasurementofTransientVoltagesWhenEnergizing
CVTs 142
3.7.8.1 OnsiteArrangement 142
3.7.8.2 MeasurementResults 143
3.7.9 CaseStudy:TransientVoltageMeasurementWhenEnergizingUnloaded
Lines 149
3.8 StatisticalAnalysisofOvervoltages 151
3.8.1 StatisticalAnalysisofPhase-to-groundOvervoltages 151
3.8.2 CalculationofOvervoltageCharacteristicValues 151
3.8.3 DeterminationofInsulationLevelsofSubstationElectricalEquipment 152
3.8.3.1 CaseStudyoftheOvervoltagesinthe35kVSystemofaSubstation 152
4 WaveProcessofIncomingSurgesandTransientResponse
Characteristics 155
4.1 CurrentStateofIncomingSurgeResearch 155
4.2 WaveProcessunderComplexConditions 156
4.2.1 WaveProcessinLosslessParallelMulti-ConductorSystems 156
4.2.2 WavePropagationalongLossyLines 159
4.2.2.1 LineLoss 159
4.2.2.2 ImpactofLineResistanceandLine-to-GroundConductance 159
4.2.2.3 ImpactofImpulseCorona 160
4.2.3 WaveProcessonTransformerWindings 162
4.2.3.1 WaveProcessinSingle-PhaseWindings 162
4.2.3.2 WaveProcessinThree-PhaseWindings 166
4.2.3.3 TransferofImpulseVoltageBetweenWindings 168
4.3 GenerationofLightningOvervoltagesonElectricalEquipment 169
4.4 SimulationofIncomingSurgesinSubstations 172
4.5 InfluencingFactorsofSubstationIncomingSurges 174
4.5.1 InfluencesofLightningStrokeTypesonIncomingSurges 174
4.5.1.1 ShieldingFailureWithoutFlashover 176
4.5.1.2 ShieldingFailurewithFlashover 176
Contents ix
4.5.1.3 LightningStrikingGroundWires(orTransmissionTowers)Without
Flashover 177
4.5.1.4 LightningStrikingGroundWires(orTransmissionTowers)with
Flashover 179
4.5.2 InfluencesofTransmissionLinesonOvervoltageWavePropagation 181
4.5.3 InfluencesofIn-StationEquipmentonOvervoltageWavePropagation 184
4.5.3.1 PotentialTransformers(PT) 184
4.5.3.2 Arresters 184
4.6 TypicalWaveformsofSubstationIncomingSurges 187
4.6.1 Short-Front-Short-TailSurges 187
4.6.2 Short-Front-Long-TailSurges 192
4.6.3 Long-Front-Long-TailSurges 192
4.6.4 Long-Front-Short-TailSurges 192
4.7 ResponseCharacteristicsofLightningOvervoltagesPropagatingin
theGrid 196
4.7.1 StatusQuo 196
4.7.2 ResearchScheme 197
4.8 LightningLocationSystem(LLS) 202
4.8.1 OverviewandCurrentSituation 202
4.8.2 DetectionPrinciples 203
4.8.2.1 TypicalLLSLocatingMethods 204
4.8.2.2 TimeofArrivalMethod 205
4.8.2.3 CalculationModelfortheLightningCurrentPeak 207
4.8.2.4 ErrorAnalysis 207
4.8.3 SystemStructure 208
4.8.4 Applications 208
5 TypicalFieldTestsandWaveformAnalysisinUHVDCTransmission
Systems 213
5.1 WaveformAcquisitionandAnalysisinTypicalTests 213
5.1.1 ClassificationofOvervoltagesinConverterStations 213
5.1.1.1 OvervoltagesfromtheSubstationACSide 213
5.1.1.2 OvervoltagesfromtheSubstationDCSide 213
5.1.1.3 OvervoltagesfromDCLines 214
5.1.1.4 SwitchingOvervoltagesinUHVDCTransmissionSystem 214
5.1.2 OvervoltageTestMethodsandPrinciples 216
5.2 TypicalFieldTestsfortheUHVDCTransmissionSystem 219
5.2.1 DisconnectingConverterTransformers 219
5.2.2 ConnectingConverterTransformers 221
5.2.3 ConverterValveDeblocking 223
5.2.4 EmergencySwitch-Off 223
5.2.5 SimulatedSingle-PhaseGroundingFaultsonacLines 225
6 OvervoltageDigitalSimulation 231
6.1 OvervoltageDigitalSimulationSoftware 231
6.2 EvaluationofSwitchingOvervoltages 232
6.2.1 EvaluationofOpeningOvervoltages 232
x Contents
6.2.2 EvaluationofClosingOvervoltages 236
6.2.3 RestrictiveMeasuresforSwitchingOvervoltages 245
6.2.3.1 OvervoltagesCausedbyClosingorReclosingUnloadedLines 247
6.2.3.2 SwitchingOvervoltagesCausedbyDisconnectingUnloadedTransformers
andShuntReactors 247
6.2.3.3 SwitchingOvervoltagesCausedbyAsymmetricalFaultsandOscillation
OvervoltagesDuetoSystemSplitting 248
6.3 EvaluationofPowerFrequencyOvervoltages 248
6.3.1 CalculationoftheFerrantiEffect 248
6.3.1.1 CapacitanceEffectsofUnloadedLongLines 249
6.3.2 EvaluationofAsymmetricalShort-circuitFaults 252
6.3.3 SimulationofAsymmetricGroundingFaults 254
6.3.4 RestrictiveMeasuresforPowerFrequencyOvervoltages 256
6.4 EvaluationofAtmosphericOvervoltages 258
6.4.1 LightningParameters 259
6.4.2 EquivalentCircuitofLightningDischarge 261
6.4.3 LightningOvervoltages 262
6.4.3.1 DirectLightningOvervoltages 262
6.4.3.2 InducedLightningOvervoltages 262
6.4.4 EvaluationofInducedLightningOvervoltages 262
6.4.5 EvaluationofDirectLightingOvervoltages 263
6.5 EvaluationofFerro-ResonanceOvervoltages 267
6.5.1 ElectromagneticPTModule 267
6.5.1.1 AcquisitionofPTExcitationCharacteristicCurve 269
6.5.2 EstablishmentofOpenDeltaPTModel 272
6.5.2.1 EstablishmentofSingle-PhaseThree-Winding(Y-Y )PTModel 274
0
6.5.2.2 EstablishmentofThree-PhaseThree-WindingPTModels 275
6.5.3 TransformerModule 275
6.5.3.1 CalculationPrinciplesofWindingParameters 275
6.5.3.2 CalculationofTransformerExcitationResistance 276
6.5.4 BusModule 277
6.5.4.1 LineResistance 277
6.5.4.2 LineInductance 277
6.5.4.3 LineCapacitance 278
6.5.5 Ferro-ResonanceOvervoltageSimulationResults 278
6.6 EvaluationofVery-FastTransientOvervoltages 280
6.6.1 VFTOMechanism 280
6.6.2 VFTOModelsandParameters 281
6.6.3 VFTOSimulationandFieldTests 281
6.7 TransientCalculationforUHVDCTransmissionSystems 283
6.7.1 PSCADModelsforUHVDCTransmissionComponents 283
6.7.1.1 ConverterValves 286
6.7.1.2 ConverterTransformers 288
6.7.1.3 LineModels 288
6.7.1.4 EquivalentPowerSources 290
6.7.1.5 OtherComponentModels 291
6.7.2 PSCADSimulationforUHVDCSystems 292