MAURÍCIO SARAIVA PACHECO E SILVA THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC

106 Pages·2017·9.95 MB·English

MAURÍCIO SARAIVA PACHECO E SILVA

THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC PORTION OF HOUSEHOLD
WASTE: STUDY CASE DRESDEN

Projeto de Formatura apresentado à Escola
Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, no
âmbito do Curso de Engenharia Ambiental

São Paulo
2018
MAURÍCIO SARAIVA PACHECO E SILVA

THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC PORTION OF HOUSEHOLD
WASTE: STUDY CASE DRESDEN

Projeto de Formatura apresentado à Escola
Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, no
âmbito do Curso de Engenharia Ambiental

Orientadora: Prof. Dr. Cristtina Dormack

São Paulo
2018
Catalogação-­‐na-­‐publicação

Silva, Maurício
THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC PORTION OF
HOUSEHOLD WASTE: STUDY CASE DRESDEN / M. Silva -- São Paulo,
2017.
94 p.

Trabalho de Formatura - Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São
Paulo. Departamento de Engenharia de Hidráulica e Ambiental.

1.Waste management 2.Anaerobic digestion 3.Biogas 4.Renewable
energy 5.Organic waste I.Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Politécnica.
Departamento de Engenharia de Hidráulica e Ambiental II.t.
ABSTRACT

This work focuses on biogas production by using source-separated organic waste
from households as feedstock. The energy use of the produced gas should
contribute to the transformation of Dresden into a more sustainable city.
Dresden still has an energy matrix that is highly dependent on fossil fuels and musst
seek cleaner energy production in order to meet the national targets for renewable
energy production defined in recent years.
The current work covers, among other things, a bit of the actual treatment, that has
been given in Dresden for its domestic waste, the legal background concerning
waste management and energy production in Germany, the state-of-the-art of
anaerobic digestion in Europe and in Germany, a description of the biological
process that occur during the anaerobic digestion of the residue and still, financial
aspects of the technology.
DEDICATION

Dedico este trabalho à minha irmã Laís, meu maior exemplo de luta e de superação!
Te amo muito!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Agradeço a meu pai e à minha mãe, por toda sua dedicação e por todo seu
sacrifício. Vocês são pessoas incríveis!
Ich bedanke mich bei denen, Freunden aus Deutschland, die mich während meines
Aufenthalts an diesem wundervollen Land irgendwie unterstützt haben! Die letzten
Monate waren für mich nicht einfach und ohne deren Unterstützung wäre diese
Arbeit nicht möglich.
Besonders will ich mich bei der “Gesellschaft von Freunden und Förderern der TU
Dresden e. V.” bedanken für die finanzielle Unterstüzung und für das Vertrauen in
meine Arbeit.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
  INTRODUCTION
 .........................................................................................................................
 1

1.1
  Purpose
 ..............................................................................................................................................
 1

1.2
  Background
 ......................................................................................................................................
 1

2
  OBJECTIVES
 ................................................................................................................................
 3

3
  METHODS
 ....................................................................................................................................
 4

4
  OVERVIEW
 OF
 THE
 WASTE
 MANAGEMENT
 IN
 DRESDEN
 ............................................
 5

4.1
  Demographic
 and
 geographical
 data
 of
 Dresden
 ................................................................
 5

4.2
  Waste
 management
 summary
 ...................................................................................................
 7

4.3
  The
 waste
 from
 households
 and
 its
 many
 ways
 ..................................................................
 8

4.3.1
  Door-­‐to-­‐door
 colletion
 ............................................................................................................................
 8

4.3.2
  In
 the
 residential
 areas
 ........................................................................................................................
 10

4.3.3
  Bulky
 waste
 and
 domestic
 appliances
 ..........................................................................................
 12

4.4
  Qualitative
 and
 quantitative
 analysis
 of
 MSW
 ....................................................................
 13

4.4.1
  “Rest”
 of
 household
 waste
 ..................................................................................................................
 15

4.4.2
  The
 organic
 portion
 of
 MSW
 characteristics
 and
 its
 composition
 ....................................
 17

4.4.3
  Recyclable
 materials
 .............................................................................................................................
 19

4.5
  Existing
 biogas
 plants
 in
 Dresden
 ...........................................................................................
 21

5
  BIOLOGICAL
 TREATMENT
 IN
 EUROPE
 –
 ANAEROBIC
 DIGESTION
 .........................
 23

5.1
  Introduction
 ...................................................................................................................................
 23

5.2
  State
 of
 the
 art
 in
 Europe
 ...........................................................................................................
 23

5.3
  Biogas
 plants
 in
 Germany
 ..........................................................................................................
 26

6
  THE
 POTENTIALS
 OF
 RENEWABLE
 ENERGY
 .................................................................
 29

6.1
  Energiewende
 –
 Promotion
 of
 renewable
 energy
 in
 Germany
 .....................................
 32

6.2
  The
  role
  of
  public
  power
  in
  the
  German
  energy
  transition
  and
  some
  legal

measures
 ....................................................................................................................................................
 32

6.2.1
  Renewable
 Energy
 Sources
 Act
 (Erneuerbare
 Energien
 Gesetz
 –
 EEG)
 .........................
 33

6.2.2
  Biomass
 Ordinance
 ................................................................................................................................
 36

6.2.3
  Closure
 of
 nuclear
 power
 stations
 ..................................................................................................
 38

6.2.4
  Taxation
 on
 conventional
 energy
 ....................................................................................................
 39

  i
7
  LEGAL
  BACKGROUND
  CONCERNING
  WASTE
  MANAGEMENT
  AND

ENVIRONMENTAL
 PROTECTION
 .............................................................................................
 41

7.1
  The
 development
 of
 waste
 policy
 in
 Germany
 ...................................................................
 41

7.2
  Principles
 and
 measure
 of
 environmental
 policy
 .............................................................
 43

7.2.1
  European
 Union
 law
 .............................................................................................................................
 43

7.2.2
  German
 Federal
 Legislation
 ..............................................................................................................
 44

8
  ANAEROBIC
 DIGESTION
 –
 THE
 TECHNOLOGY
 AND
 ITS
 TECHNICAL
 ASPECTS
 ..
 47

8.1
  Introduction
 ...................................................................................................................................
 47

8.2
  Biochemical
 reaction
 ..................................................................................................................
 48

8.3
  Phases
 of
 degradation
 ................................................................................................................
 49

8.3.1
  Hydolysis
 ...................................................................................................................................................
 50

8.3.2
  Acidogenesis
 .............................................................................................................................................
 51

8.3.3
  Acetogenesis
 .............................................................................................................................................
 51

8.3.4
  Methanogenesis
 ......................................................................................................................................
 53

8.4
  Substrate
 requirements
 .............................................................................................................
 54

8.5
  Pre-­‐treatment
 ................................................................................................................................
 54

8.6
  Process
 parameters
 .....................................................................................................................
 55

8.7
  Variations
 of
 biogas
 techniques
 ..............................................................................................
 57

8.7.1
  Dry
 and
 wet
 fermentation
 ..................................................................................................................
 58

8.7.2
  Single
 and
 multi-­‐stage
 systems
 ........................................................................................................
 59

8.7.3
  Mesophilic
 and
 thermophilic
 processes
 .......................................................................................
 59

9
  COMPOST
 ..................................................................................................................................
 61

9.1
  Use
 of
 the
 compost
 produced
 in
 the
 digestion
 process
 ...................................................
 61

9.2
  Processing
 of
 the
 compost
 .........................................................................................................
 63

9.3
  Marketing
 opportunities
 and
 application
 of
 compost
 .....................................................
 63

9.4
  Conditioning
 of
 solid
 residues
 and
 its
 use
 as
 soil
 amendment
 .....................................
 64

10
  PROPOSAL
 OF
 CHANGES
 IN
 THE
 WASTE
 MANAGEMENT
 IN
 DRESDEN
 ..............
 67

10.1
  Anaerobic
 digestion
 of
 the
 organic
 waste
 .........................................................................
 68

10.2
  Improvement
 of
 waste
 source
 separation
 ........................................................................
 70

10.2.1
  Public
 participation
 and
 information
 dissemination
 ...........................................................
 70

10.3
  Anaerobic
 digestion
 –
 choice
 of
 the
 most
 appropriate
 technology
 ..........................
 72

  ii
11
  ENERGY
 YIELD
 AND
 PAY
 BACK
 OF
 THE
 INVESTMENT
 ............................................
 74

11.1
  Energy
 generation
 .....................................................................................................................
 78

11.1.1
  Estimation
 of
 energy
 generation
 ..................................................................................................
 79

11.1.2
  Share
 of
 renewable
 energy
 in
 Dresden
 and
 the
 joining
 in
 from
 anaerobic
 digestion

of
 the
 organic
 waste
 .............................................................................................................................................
 81

11.2
  Financial
 analysis
 of
 the
 plant
 ...............................................................................................
 83

11.2.1
  Costs
 ..........................................................................................................................................................
 83

11.2.2
  Revenues
 .................................................................................................................................................
 85

12
  CONCLUSION
 .........................................................................................................................
 89

REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................87

  iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
 1:
 Map
 of
 Germany.
 ..............................................................................................................................
 5

Figure
 2:
 Map
 of
 Dresden
 and
 its
 districts.
 ..............................................................................................
 6

Figure
 3:
 Waste
 ways
 –
 from
 households
 till
 specific
 facilities.
 ......................................................
 8

Figure
 4:
 Recycling
 center
 in
 Kaditz
 (Dresden).
 ....................................................................................
 9

Figure
 5:
 Waste
 ways
 –
 from
 residential
 areas
 till
 specific
 facilities.
 ........................................
 11

Figure
 6:
 Containers
 in
 residential
 area
 in
 Dresden.
 ........................................................................
 12

Figure
 7:
 Waste
 ways
 –
 bulky
 waste
 and
 domestic
 appliances.
 ..................................................
 13

Figure
 8:
 Composition
 of
 the
 household
 waste
 in
 2016.
 ................................................................
 15

Figure
 9:
 Composition
 of
 the
 “Restmüll”
 (“Rest
 waste”)
 from
 household
 in
 2016.
 ............
 17

Figure
 10:
 “Bio-­‐Abfall”
 (Organic
 waste)
 bin
 in
 Dresden.
 ................................................................
 18

Figure
 11:
 Composition
 of
 valuable
 material.
 .....................................................................................
 20

Figure
 12:
 Biogas
 plants
 in
 Dresden.
 .......................................................................................................
 21

Figure
 13:
 Biogas
 plant
 in
 Klotzsche,
 Dresden.
 ...................................................................................
 22

Figure
 14:
 Total
 and
 average
 installed
 capacity
 per
 country.
 ......................................................
 24

Figure
 15:
 Installed
 capacity
 per
 million
 inhabitants
 and
 per
 country.
 ...................................
 25

Figure
 16:
 Development
 of
 the
 capacity
 per
 million
 inhabitants
 per
 country.
 .....................
 26

Figure
 17:
 Development
 of
 biogas
 installations
 and
 its
 electrical
 capacity
 in
 Germany.
 .
 27

Figure
 18:
 Avoided
 GHG
 emissions
 through
 the
 use
 of
 renewable
 sources
 of
 energy.
 .....
 30

Figure
 19:
 Gross
 electricity
 generation
 in
 Germany
 in
 2016.
 .......................................................
 34

Figure
 20:
 Development
 of
 electricity
 supply
 from
 biomass
 plants
 in
 Germany
 from
 1990

to
 2011.
 .................................................................................................................................................................
 37

Figure
 21:
 Development
 of
 biomass
 use
 for
 heat
 production
 in
 Germany
 in
 the
 years

1997
 to
 2011.
 .....................................................................................................................................................
 37

Figure
 22:
 “The
 Smiling
 Sun”.
 .....................................................................................................................
 39

Figure
 23:
 Waste
 hierarchy.
 ........................................................................................................................
 42

Figure
 24:
 General
 layout
 of
 an
 AD.
 .........................................................................................................
 48

Figure
 25:
 Anaerobic
 decomposition.
 .....................................................................................................
 50

  iv