Table Of ContentSpringer Tracts in Modern Physics
Volume 331
Managing Editor: .G H6hler, Karlsruhe
Editors: . Kiihn, Karlsruhe
Th. Mfiller, Karlsruhe
.R .D Peccei, soL Angeles
.F Steiner, Ulm
.1 Trfimper, Garching
.P W61fle, Karlsruhe
Honorary Editor: .E .A Niekisch, filich
regnirpS
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
HongKong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Springer Tracts in Modern Physics
semuloV 431-811 era listed ta the dne of the book
Covering reviews with emphasis on the fields of Elementary Particle Physics, Solid-State Physics,
Complex Systems, and Fundamental Astrophysics
Manuscripts for publication should be addressed to the editor mainly responsible
for the field concerned:
Gerhard HGhler loachim Trfimper
Institut ffir Theoretische Teilchenphysik Max-Planck-Institut
Universit~it Karlsruhe ffir Extraterrestrische Physik
Postfach 6980 Postfach 3o61
82167-D Karlsruhe o4758-D Garching
Germany Germany
Fax: +49 7( )12 73 70 62 Fax: +49 (89) 23 99 53 69
Phone: +49 7( )12 6 08 33 57 Phone: +49 (89) 23 99 53 95
Email: h o ehler@ fphvax.physik.uni-karlsruhe.de Email: [email protected]
Johann Kfihn Peter WGlfle
Institut ffir Theoretische Teilchenphysik Institut flit Theorie
Universit~t Karlsruhe der Kondensierten Materie
Postfach 6980 Universit~it Karlsruhe
82167-D Karlsruhe Postfach 96 08
Germany 82167-D Karlsrnhe
Fax: +49 7( )12 73 o7 62 Germany
Phone: +49 7( )12 6 80 33 27 Fax: +49 7( )12 96 18 05
Email: [email protected] Phone: +49 7( )12 6 80 53 9o/33 76
Email: wo [email protected]
Thomas Mfiller
IEKP
Fakult/it ffir Physik
Universit~t Karlsruhe
Postfach 698o
82167-D Kartsruhe
Germany
Fax:+49 7( )12 6 70 62 12
Phone: +49 7( )12 6 80 53 42
Email: [email protected]
Roberto Peccei
Department of Physics
University of California, Los Angeles
504 Hilgard Avenue
Los Angeles, California 7451-42oo9
ASU
Fax: 1+ o13 528 8639
Phone: +131o 528 24Ol
Email: [email protected]
Frank Steiner
Abteilung ftir Theoretische Physik
Universit~it Ulm
Albert-Einstein-Allee n
D-89o69 Ulm
Germany
Fax: +49 7( )13 5 o2 92 42
Phone: +49 7( )13 5 o2 92 lo
Email: [email protected]
.H treffiR
.H reht~M
.H dloreH
.H reduR
Matter ta High Densities
in Astrophysics
tcapmoC sratS dna eht noitauqE fo etatS
With 86 Figures
~ regnirpS
Harald Riffert
Herbert Miither
Heinz Herold
Hanns Ruder
Universit/it Tiibingen
Auf der Morgenstelle lO
67OzT-D Tfibingen
Germany
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Mailer at high densities In astrophysics : compact stars and the
equation of state / H. Herold ... - Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New
York ; Barcelona ; Budapest ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan ;
Paris ; Santa Clara ; Singapore ; Tokyo : Springer, 6991
(Springer tracts in modern physics ; Vol. 133)
ISBN 3-540-60605-X
NE: Herold, Heinz; GT
Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS):
21.65.+f, 64.1o.+h, 91.3o.Ks, 96.6o.Ly, 97.2o.Rp, 97.6o.Jd
ISBN 3-54o-6o6o5-x Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
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In Honor
of Friedrich Hund' s
woth Birthday
Friedrich Hund on his 100th Birthday
Friedrich Hund was born on the 4th of February 1896 in Karlsruhe. Thus we
now have the rare opportunity to congratulate a distinguished physicist on
his 100th birthday and to honor his achievements.
Let us first of all recall the major stages in his life as a physicist. Hund
studied in GSttingen and Marburg, and in 1921 he took the state examination
in GSttingen. He spent the following year as a teacher at a high school. Dur-
ing this time, Hund established contact with Max Born, who had just been
appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics in GSttingen. This led to his
working on a doctoral thesis for which he was awarded a PhD in 1922. At the
same time Born offered him a position as scientific assistant, a post which
Hund held until 1927. In 1925 he completed his Habilitation (the qualification
needed to become a lecturer at a German university) and in 1926/27 he spent
one semester in Copenhagen. In 1927 he was appointed to a professorship at
the University of Rostock. From 1929 until 1946 Professor Hund was at the
University of Leipzig, for the majority of this time together with Heisenberg.
He then moved to the University of Jena, where he remained until 1951. He
spent the years from 1951 until 1956 at the University of Frankfurt. In 1956
(after the death of Richard Becker) Hund accepted a chair at the University
of GSttingen and thus returned to the place where he had begun his career
as a physicist. Until only a few years ago, throughout the decades since his
official retirement, Hund continued to hold regular lectures in GSttingen.
Anyone who hears the name Friedrich Hund immediately thinks of the dis-
covery and development of quantum theory, events which he helped to shape
during his time in GSttingen. In 1922 Hund attended the famous GSttingen
Lectures of Niels Bohr. When, in 1925, the old quantum theory was cast aside
in favor of Heisenberg's discovery of quantum mechanics, Hund experienced
this at first hand. His work during the 1920s addressed the problem of un-
derstanding atomic and molecular spectra, based initially on the idea of the
correspondence principle. He made essential contributions to explaining the
observed multiplet structure of complicated spectra. "Hund's Rule" is to be
found in all standard textbooks on quantum mechanics. In his first book,
whose German title "Linienspektren und periodisches System der Elemente"
translates as "Spectral Lines and the Periodic Table of the Elements" 1, he
presented the results of this work.
VIII Friedrich Hund on his htOOl Birthday
Following the publication in 1926 of SchrSdinger's equation, Hund recog-
nized how it is possible to understand the connection between the electron
system of a molecule and those of separate atoms. This important insight
led to the development of the Hund-Mulliken method of molecular orbitals.
Works were published on the interpretation of spectra and other properties of
molecules.
We will have to be content here with these few keywords. Very much
later, in his book on the history of quantum theory 2, Hund describes how
he witnessed the creation of quantum theory. His own contributions to these
developments are mentioned with his typical modesty.
During his years in Leipzig, he first of all pursued the theory of molecules
and of chemical bonding. His contribution to the "Handbuch der Physik" (En-
cyclopedia of Physics) about the quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules
was also written during this period. He then addressed his attention in par-
ticular to the quantum theory of solids. A series of works dealing with the
states of electrons in crystal lattices bears witness to this interest. He was
also active in the field of nuclear physics and, in 1937, he published a one-
particle model of the atomic nucleus. This was a forerunner of the later shell
model. Towards the end of the 1930s, Hund turned his attention to the field
properties of matter. He was able to show that a qualitative understanding of
chemical bonding and of the production of matter could already be achieved
in the classical wave picture.
He began work on a monograph about the field theory of matter. However,
due to the unfavorable circumstances that prevailed during and immediately
after the Second World War, he was only able to complete this manuscript
very much later. The book finally appeared in 1954 with the title "Materie als
Feld" (Matter as Field) 3. It contained a systematic description of the wave
aspects of matter and also a particularly clear introduction to quantum field
theory.
In the second half of his life, Hund was particularly concerned to com-
municate his knowledge and experience to younger physicists. During his
last years in Leipzig he had already begun to write a textbook of theoreti-
cal physics based on his lectures there. The book appeared shortly after the
Second World War, its final form being the three-volume work "Theoretische
Physik. Eine Einftihrung" (Theoretical Physics. An Introduction) 4, which
appeared in 1956/57. Shortly after this, in 1961, he published a book "The-
orie des Aufbaues der Materie" (Theory of the Structure of Matter) 5. In
the preface to this book Hund expressed very clearly his desire to provide an
understanding of the foundations of physics. Anyone who has read his books
can confirm that he did indeed achieve his objective.
Hund has documented his thoughts about general questions of physics
in very many articles and published lectures. In the book "Das Naturbild
der Physik" (The Physical Concept of Nature) 6 one finds an impressive
selection of these contributions.
Friedrich Hund on his 100th Birthday IX
Following his official retirement, Hund directed his attention in particular
to matters concerning the history of physics, a subject that had always fas-
cinated him. He wrote two further books: "Grundbegriffe der Physik" (Basic
Concepts of Physics) 7 and "Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe" (The
History of Physical Concepts) ,8 in addition to his history of quantum theory
that was mentioned above.
A large portion of Hund's work was always dedicated to teaching. He
was invariably exceptionally well prepared when presenting his lectures and
talks. He got everything just right, even ensuring that he made best use
of the available blackboards. His contributions to discussions in colloquia
were of such high quality that all those who were present will remember
them. His commitment was not confined to lectures. It is with pleasure that
we recall how, in 1949, we took part (as guests from Berlin) in a vacation
seminar in the Thuringian Forest. The seminar was organized by Hund and a
mathematician for the benefit of Jena students. In the 1950s Hund regularly
took part in the Oberwolfach meetings in the Black Forest, which at that time
were organized by young theoreticians. Much energy was expanded not only in
the scientific program but also in long hikes, one of Hund's favorite pastimes.
The large number of his students confirms the fact that, throughout his career,
he succeeded in gathering around himself a circle of highly motivated young
physicists.
When it comes to personal affairs, Hund is rather reserved. What is con-
spicuous, however, is his distinctive personality, characterized by an upright
and incorruptible nature, calmness, and deep sense of duty. He lived hon-
orably throughout the evil times of Nazi rule (indeed, one of us recalls his
kindness during this time with immense gratitude). In the few years for which
he remained in the Soviet Zone, he retained his independence and made no
secret of his critical opinions. Together with his wife and five children he left
Jena in an unconventional manner, in other words, secretly. At that time there
was no other way in which he could accept the professorship offered to him
in Frankfurt.
His interest in physical research remains undiminished today. When one
of us visited him in G5ttingen shortly after his 99th birthday, he began the
conversation with the question "What do we really know now about the mass
of the top quark?"
Since 1936, together with E. Trendelenburg, Hund was the editor of the
"Ergebnisse der exakten Naturwissenschaften" (Achievements of the Exact
Natural Sciences), the forerunner of the "Springer Tracts in Modern Physics".
It was here, in 1936, that his article "Materie bei sehr hohen Drucken und
Temperaturen" (Matter Under Very High Pressures and Temperatures)was
published. The scientific content of the present volume is written in connection
with this article. Both the German original and an English translation of
Hund's 1936 article are to be found starting with p. 175.
X Friedrich Hund on his 100th Birthday
Together with the editors of the "Springer Tracts" and the authors of this
monograph, we convey our warmest congratulations to Friedrich Hund on the
occasion of his 100th birthday.
44t,
Gerhard HShler
Harry Lehmann
Ernst Niekisch
References
1 Hund F. (1927) Linienspektrum und periodisches System der Elemente.
Julius Springer, Berlin
2 Hund F. (1984) Geschichte der Quantentheorie, 3rd edn. Bibliographisches
Institut, Mannheim
3 Hund F. (1954) Materie als Feld. Eine Einffihrung. Springer, Berlin
4 Hund F. (1956/57) Theoretische Physik. Eine Einfiihrung, 3 Vols. Teubner,
Stuttgart
5 Hund F. (1961) Theorie des Aufbaues der Materie. Teubner, Stuttgart
6 Hund F. (1975) Das Naturbild der Physik. Ausgew~hlte Schriften. (ed. by
Hajdu J., Lfiders G. with support of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesell-
schaft) Druckerei der Kernforschungsanlage Jfilich GmbH.
7 Hund F. (1969) Grundbegriffe der Physik. Bibliographisches Institut, NnnaM
heim
8 Hund F. (1972) Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe. Bibliographisches
Institut, Mannheim
