Mathematics: The Children's Treasury of Knowledge

117 Pages·1975·22.07 MB·English

by  Adapted and edited by the editors of FEP International Ltd.

THE CHILDREN'S TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE
Mathematics
TREE OF NUMBERS
April weather
licence plate
22-56
classi f icat ion
and ordering
; ^ ^ e l e c t r o n i c computer
pocket ca lcu la to r
the binary system
abacus
discovery of zero
Roman numerals
1 2 3 4 5 Chinese numerals Mayan monuments
Arabic numerals
the Rhind papyrus
the Rosetta stone MAYAN MONUMENTS
The Maya were a powerful Indian nation in
Mexico and Central America about 1 500 years ago.
There, people used numerals that looked like
THE ROSETTA STONE human faces for recording dates.
The Rosetta stone is a tablet that was found at
one of the mouths of the River Nile. It became
a key to the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphics
(picture-writing). The tablet also recorded ancient THE RHIND PAPYRUS
Egyptian numerals.
The Rhind papyrus, wri t ten in Egypt more than
3 500 years ago, is the oldest known book on
mathematics. It contains problems about the areas
of triangles and rectangles.
THE CHILDREN'S TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE
Mathematics
Translated from
Kodansha's Children's Colour Encyclopaedia
Adapted and edited by
the edi tors of FEP Internat ional Ltd.
Distributed by Time-Life Books
Printed in Singapore under the supervision of
Time-L i fe Librar ies (Asia) Pte., Ltd.
Text by
Yoshikazu Horiba
Teacher of Saginomiya High School
Layout by
Mitsumasa Anno
Book design by
AD 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Photographs, illustrations, and data appearing in this book
have been made available through the courtesy of Agency of
Industrial Science and Technology; Eiji Hamano; Fujikato;
Geographical Survey Insti tute; Hagley and Hoyle Pte., Ltd.;
Haruo Fujiwara; Hiroo Tachibana; J.O.; John Bartholomew &
Son Limited; Kiyoshi Kuwana; Kokunai Jigyo Koku Co. Ltd.,
Kozo Kakimoto; Kyodo Tsushin; Mitsumasa Anno; National
Theatre; North American Newspaper Alliance; Pan-Asia
Newspaper All iance; St. Mary's International School; Seisen
International School; Tadao Tominari; Takeo Nakamura;
Tsurunosuke Fujiyoshi; Yasuji Mori.
The publishers wish to thank Mrs Fay Palmer for her assistance.
© Kodansha Ltd. 1970,1975
All rights reserved.
CONTENTS
Page
SETS 7
Making sets; Relationship between sets
NUMBERS 11
The history of numerals; Numerals of today; What numbers stand for ; How to write big
numbers; Addit ion; Subtraction; Addition and subtraction; Rules of addit ion;
Mult ipl icat ion; Multipl ication table; Mult iples and common multiples; Division;
Multipl ication and division; Rules of mult ipl icat ion; Factors and common factors;
Fractions; Decimals; Inequalities and equations; Tools of calculation; Positive numbers
and negative numbers
SHAPES 47
Interesting shapes; Simple shapes; Lines and angles; Parallel and perpendicular;
Triangles; Quadrilaterals; Circles; Various curves; Solid shapes; Positions of points;
Mathematical models; Similarity and congruence; Reduced copies and enlarged copies;
Symmetries
QUANTITIES 73
Length; Area; Volume; Weight; Time; Motion and speed; Direct proportions; Inverse
proportions; Ratio and percentage; Probability
STATISTICS 95
Tables; Graphs; Classification and ordering
FAMOUS PEOPLE IN MATHEMATICS 103
TABLE OF UNITS 110
INDEX 111
Abbreviations used in this series:
LENGTH DENSITY
!
metre = m kilogramme per cubic metre = kg/m
3
centimetre = cm gramme per cubic centimetre = g/cm
kilometre = km
millimetre = mm VELOCITY AND SPEED
metre per second = m/s
MASS kilometre per hour = km/h
kilogramme = kg
gramme = g POWER
tonne = t watt = W
kilowatt = kW
TIME horse power = h.p.
second = s
minute = min TEMPERATURE
hour = h Temperature (common) = degree Celsius = °C
Absolute temperature = K
AREA
2
square metre m PRESSURE (FOR METEOROLOGY)
2
square centimetre cm millibar = mb
2
square millimetre mm bar = b
hectare ha
VOLUME
cubic metre m
3
cubic centimetre = cm
litre I
mil l i l i t re = ml
Groups of things that go together are called sets. Two water-melons
make up a set. Three pineapples also make up a set. A bunch of green
grapes and a bunch of purple grapes make up a set. Even a single melon
can be called a set. We can also put tangerines and oranges together
to form a single set. The idea of sets is basic to arithmetic. From now on,
SETS
arithmetic wi l l unfold in terms of the idea of sets. We shall learn how
to split up a group that contains several different things. We shall learn
the relations between various sets that contain different objects, and
much more.
'ARIOUS KINDS OF SETS
7
M A K I N G Q F T 9 * A is a group of things put together. * A part of a set is called a ^t/A^e?
of the set. * We say that a subset of a set is contained in the set. In a
wi ldl i fe park, for example, we can say that the giraffes are a subset contained
in the set of animals. All the animals kept in the wildl i fe park together
form a set.
A set of animals in a w i l d l i f e park.