Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory METALLURGY

146 Pages·1997·0.35 MB·English

by  Metallurgy Division

Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory
METALLURGY
NISTIR 5965(cid:13) Technical Activities(cid:13)
U.S. Department of Commerce(cid:13)
Technology Administration(cid:13)
1996
National Institute of Standards (cid:13)
and Technology
Metallurgy(cid:13)
(cid:13)
Reaction of a molten metal droplet with a metallic
substrate, showing partial dissolution of the substrate by
the melt. The white lines are isoconcentrates of solute in
the liquid. The figures are output of a model which is
being developed to analyze reactive wetting of solders
on electronic components. These studies are clarifying
the interpretation of solderability tests used by the
electronics industry.
Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory
METALLURGY
C.A. Handwerker, Chief(cid:13)
R.J. Schaefer, Deputy
NISTIR 5965(cid:13)
U.S. Department of Commerce(cid:13)
Technology Administration(cid:13)
National Institute of Standards (cid:13)
and Technology
Technical Activities(cid:13)
1996
M ENT OF CO
RT MM
A E
P R
E C
D E
U CA
NI RI
T E
E M
D STATES OF A
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE(cid:13)
Michael Kantor, Secretary(cid:13)
TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION(cid:13)
Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology(cid:13)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS (cid:13)
AND TECHNOLOGY(cid:13)
Arati Prabhakar, Director
METALLURGY DIVISION
CHIEF
Carol A. Handwerker
Phone [phone]
DEPUTY CHIEF
Robert J. Schaefer
Phone [phone]
GROUP LEADERS
Electrochemical Processing
Gery R. Stafford
Phone [phone]
Magnetic Materials
Robert D. Shull
[phone]
Materials Performance
E. Neville Pugh
Phone [phone]
Materials Structure and Characterization
Frank W. Gayle
Phone: [phone]
Metallurgical Processing
John R. Manning
Phone: [phone]

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
RESEARCH STAFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DENTAL AND MEDICAL MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Advanced Restorative Dental Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ELECTRONIC PACKAGING AND INTERCONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Lead-Free Solders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
High-Temperature Solder for Microelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Electrochemical Characterization of Solders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Solderability Measurements and Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Solder Interconnect Design Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Stress Measurement in Electronic Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Solder Jet Printing for Microelectronics Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
EVALUATED MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Corrosion Data Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Magnetic Properties of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
INTELLIGENT PROCESSING OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Solidification Path for Casting of Multicomponent Aerospace Alloys . . . . . . . . . . 35
Modeling of Alpha Case Thickness in Titanium Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Generation of Grain Defects Near Corners and Edges in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Porosity in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Thermophysical Data for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Magnetics for Steel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
MAGNETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Giant Magnetoresistance Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Processing and Micromagnetics of Thin Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Standards in Computational Micromagnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
METALS DATA AND CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Thermophysical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Magnetic Properties and Standard Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Microstructural Studies of Complex Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Multilayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Hardness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Performance of Structural Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Performance of Metals in Corrosive Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Magnetic Imaging and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Development of Scanning Acoustic Microscopy for Tomography of Stress . . . . . . 84
Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
v
METALS PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Processing of Advanced Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Solidification Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Modeling and Simulation of Materials Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Powder Atomization and Spray Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Electrodeposition of Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Electrodeposited Standard Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Electrodeposited Chromium from Trivalent Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Electrochemical Processing of Nanoscale Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
OTHER OUTPUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
PATENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
TECHNICAL/PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . 117
INDUSTRIAL/ACADEMIC INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Industry/University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
SRMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Metallurgy Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Materials Science and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
National Institute of Standards & Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
vi
RESEARCH STAFF
Division Office
Handwerker, Carol A. • Interface thermodynamics and kinetics
[email protected] • Solder wetting and spreading
• Microstructure evolution
Schaefer, Robert J. • Solidification of metals
[email protected] • Defects in castings
• Consolidation of metal powders
Electrochemical Processing Group
Beauchamp, Carlos R. • Compositionally modulated alloys
[email protected] • Standard reference materials
Johnson, Christian E. • Ultra-black coatings
[email protected] • Electroless deposition process
• Metallic glass alloy deposition
• Microhardness SRM research
• Chromium deposition
• Pulse alloy deposition
Kelley, David R. • Microhardness SRM development
[email protected] • Dye penetrant SRM development
• Precious metal electrodeposition
• Plating on aluminum
Moffat, Thomas P. • Electrochemistry
[email protected] • Scanning probe microscopy
• Nanostructures
Mullen, Jasper L. • Development of automated hardness
[email protected] testing
• Electrochemical measurements for
determining metal corrosion
• Analytical spectroscopy
Stafford, Gery R. • Electrochemical transients
[email protected] • Electrodeposition
• Molten salt electrochemistry
Magnetic Materials Group
Brown, Henrietta J. • High T superconductors
c
[email protected] • Magnetic force microscopy
• Magnetization measurements
• Magneto resistance
vii
• Micromagnetic modeling
Donahue, Michael • Micromagnetic modeling
[email protected] • Magnetic force microscopy
Egelhoff, Jr., W. F. • Giant magnetoresistance
[email protected] • Molecular beam epitaxy
• Surface physics
• Ultrahigh density data storage
McMichael, Robert D. • Giant magnetoresistance
[email protected] • Micromagnetic modeling
• Ferromagnetic resonance
• Nanocomposites
• Magnetocaloric effect
Shapiro, Alexander J. • Mössbauer effect
[email protected] • Magneto-optical indicator film (MOIF) method
• Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
• X-ray microanalysis
• Image analysis
• Magnetic force microscopy
Shull, Robert D. • Nanocomposites
[email protected] • Magnetic susceptibility
• Mössbauer effect
• X-ray and neutron diffraction
• Magneto-caloric and magneto-optical effects
Swartzendruber, Lydon J. • Magnetic susceptibility
[email protected] • Magnetic methods, NDE
• Mössbauer spectroscopy
• Barkhausen effect
viii
Materials Performance Group
Clough, Roger C. • Micromechanical modeling
[email protected] • Acoustic emission
• Mechanical properties
deWit, Roland • Fracture mechanics
[email protected] • Dislocation theory
• Stereology
Fields, Richard J. • Mechanical properties
[email protected] • Mechanical testing
• Powder consolidation
• Metal forming
Foecke, Timothy J. • Nanostructured materials
[email protected] • Experimental fracture physics
• SEM, TEM, SPM
• Micro- and nano-mechanics of materials
• Dislocation-based deformation mechanisms
Fraker, Anna C. • Titanium alloys
[email protected] • Magnesium alloys
• Corrosion processes
• Surgical implants
Hicho, George E. • Mechanical properties
[email protected] • Failure analysis
• Mechanical testing
Low, III, Samuel R. • Hardness standards
[email protected] • Hardness testing
• Mechanical properties of materials
• Mechanical testing of materials
Pugh, E. Neville • Corrosion
[email protected] • Environment-induced fracture
• Mechanical properties
ix
Ricker, Richard E. • Corrosion
[email protected] • Stress corrosion cracking
• Hydrogen embrittlement
• Corrosion fatigue
• Corrosion of advanced materials
• Electrochemical measurement techniques
• Modeling corrosion and life prediction
Smith, John H. • Mechanical properties of materials
[email protected] • Fracture of materials
• Structure integrity analysis
• Pressure vessel technology
• Mechanical testing standards
Stoudt, Mark R. • Mechanical properties
[email protected] • Electrochemical measurements
• Corrosion fatigue
• Environmentally induced cracking
Sturrock, Charles P. • Corrosion informatics
[email protected] • Modeling of materials performance and life
prediction
• Expert systems for corrosion control
• Corrosion in aqueous industrial
environments
• Knowledge discovery in materials
performance databases.
Materials Structure and Characterization Group
Adams, Jonice • Nanostructured materials
[email protected] • X-ray diffraction
Bendersky, Leonid A. • Functional ceramics
[email protected] • Analytical and high-resolution transmission
electron microscopy
• Intermetallics for high temperature
applications; order-disorder transformations
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