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A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research and Review Articles
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Materials
for
Sustainable Energy
A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research and Review Articles
from Nature Publishing Group
7848tp.indd 1 9/7/10 11:32 AM
Materials
for
Sustainable Energy
A Collection of Peer-Reviewed Research Review Articles
and
from Nature Publishing Group
Edited by
Vincent Dusastre
With an Introduction by
Jean-Marie Tarascon and Michael Grätzel
World Scientific
7848tp.indd 2 9/7/10 11:32 AM
November16,2010 19:20 WSPC—MATERIALSFORSUSTAINABLEENERGY—ReprintVolumeBook—TrimSize:-11inx8.5in MSE-main
Published by
Macmillan Publishers Ltd
(trading as Nature Publishing Group)
4–6 Crinan Street
London N1 9XW
United Kingdom
and
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Materials for sustainable energy : a collection of peer-reviewed research and review articles from nature
publishing group / edited by Vincent Dusastre ; with an Introduction by Jean-Marie Tarascon and
Michael Grätzel.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-981-4317-64-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 981-4317-64-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978-981-4317-65-8 (paperback : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 981-4317-65-9 (paperback : alk. paper)
1. Energy conservation--Equipment and supplies. 2. Sustainable engineering--Materials.
I. Dusastre, Vincent.
TJ163.3.M385 2010
621.042--dc22
2010033305
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2011 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited and published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. under licence.
All rights reserved.
Printed in Singapore.
This page is inetentionally left blank
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v
CONTENTS
Preface ix
VincentDusastre
Researchinitiatives towardssustainable handling ofenergy xiii
Jean-MarieTarascon&MichaelGra¨tzel
PHOTOVOLTAICCELLS
Plasmonicsforimprovedphotovoltaic devices 3
HarryA.Atwater&AlbertPolman
Excitonsinnanoscale systems 12
GregoryD.Scholes&GarryRumbles
Photoelectrochemical cells 26
MichaelGra¨tzel
High-performance dye-sensitized solarcellsbasedonsolvent-free electrolytes
produced fromeutectic melts 33
YuBaietal.
Ultrathinsiliconsolarmicrocellsforsemitransparent, mechanically flexible
andmicroconcentrator moduledesigns 38
Jongseung Yoonetal.
Efficiencyenhancement inlow-bandgappolymersolarcellsbyprocessing
withalkanedithiols 47
J.Peetetal.
Metallated conjugated polymersasanewavenuetowardshigh-efficiency
polymersolarcells 51
Wai-YeungWongetal.
Coaxialsiliconnanowiresassolarcellsandnanoelectronic powersources 58
BozhiTianetal.
Astrongregioregularity effectinself-organizing conjugated polymerfilms
andhigh-efficiency polythiophene:fullerene solarcells 63
YoungkyooKimetal.
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Solution-processed PbSquantum dotinfraredphotodetectors andphotovoltaics 70
StevenA.McDonaldetal.
Nanowiredye-sensitized solarcells 75
MattLaw,LoriE.Greene,JustinC.Johnson, RichardSaykally&
PeidongYang
High-efficiency solutionprocessable polymerphotovoltaic cellsby
self-organization ofpolymerblends 80
GangLietal.
Aphotovoltaic devicestructure basedoninternal electronemission 85
EricW.McFarland&JingTang
Astablequasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solarcellwithanamphiphilic
ruthenium sensitizer andpolymergelelectrolyte 88
PengWangetal.
Efficientbulkheterojunction photovoltaic cellsusingsmall-molecular-weight
organicthinfilms 94
PeterPeumans,SoichiUchida&StephenR.Forrest
THERMOELECTRICCONVERTERS
Complexthermoelectric materials 101
G.JeffreySnyder&EricS.Toberer
Enhancedthermoelectric performance ofroughsilicon nanowires 111
AllonI.Hochbaum etal.
Siliconnanowiresasefficientthermoelectric materials 116
AkramI.Boukaietal.
Thin-filmthermoelectric deviceswithhighroom-temperature figuresofmerit 120
RamaVenkatasubramanian, EdwardSiivola, ThomasColpitts&
BrooksO’Quinn
BATTERIESANDSUPERCAPACITORS
Ionic-liquid materialsfortheelectrochemical challenges ofthefuture 129
MichelArmand,FrankEndres,DouglasR.MacFarlane,
HiroyukiOhno&BrunoScrosati
Materialsforelectrochemical capacitors 138
PatriceSimon&YuryGogotsi
Nanostructured materialsforadvanced energyconversion andstoragedevices 148
AntoninoSalvatore Arico`,PeterBruce,BrunoScrosati,
Jean-MarieTarascon&WaltervanSchalkwijk
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vii
Nanoionics: iontransport andelectrochemical storageinconfinedsystems 160
J.Maier
Issuesandchallenges facingrechargeable lithiumbatteries 171
J.-M.Tarascon&M.Armand
Lithiumdeintercalation inLiFePO nanoparticles viaadomino-cascade model 180
4
C.Delmas,M.Maccario, L.Croguennec, F.LeCras&F.Weill
High-performance lithium batteryanodesusingsiliconnanowires 187
CandaceK.Chanetal.
Theexistence ofatemperature-driven solidsolutioninLi FePO for0≤x≤1 192
x 4
CharlesDelacourt, PhilippePoizot,Jean-MarieTarascon&
ChristianMasquelier
Nano-network electronic conduction inironandnickelolivinephosphates 199
P.SubramanyaHerle,B.Ellis,N.Coombs&L.F.Nazar
Electronically conductive phospho-olivines aslithiumstorage electrodes 205
Sung-YoonChung,JasonT.Bloking&Yet-MingChiang
FUELCELLS
Advancedanodesforhigh-temperature fuelcells 213
A.Atkinsonetal.
Materialsforfuel-celltechnologies 224
BrianC.H.Steele&AngelikaHeinzel
One-dimensional imidazoleaggregateinaluminium porouscoordination
polymerswithhighprotonconductivity 232
SareeyaBureekaewetal.
Parallelcylindrical waternanochannels innafionfuel-cell membranes 238
KlausSchmidt-Rohr&QiangChen
Aclassofnon-precious metalcomposite catalysts forfuelcells 247
RajeshBashyam&PiotrZelenay
Disruption ofextended defectsinsolidoxidefuelcellanodesfor
methaneoxidation 251
JuanCarlosRuiz-Morales etal.
Ahigh-performance cathode forthenextgeneration ofsolid-oxide fuelcells 255
ZongpingShao&Sossina M.Haile
Aredox-stable efficientanodeforsolid-oxide fuelcells 259
ShanwenTao&JohnT.S.Irvine
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HYDROGENGENERATIONANDSTORAGE
Hydrogen-storage materialsformobileapplications 265
LouisSchlapbach &AndreasZu¨ttel
Ametal-free polymericphotocatalyst forhydrogen production fromwater
undervisiblelight 271
XinchenWangetal.
High-capacity hydrogenstorage inlithium andsodiumamidoboranes 276
ZhitaoXiongetal.
Computational high-throughput screening ofelectrocatalytic materialsfor
hydrogen evolution 280
JeffGreeley,ThomasF.Jaramillo, JacobBonde,IbChorkendorff &
JensK.Nørskov
Tuningclathrate hydratesforhydrogen storage 285
HuenLeeetal.
Hydrogenfromcatalyticreforming ofbiomass-derived hydrocarbons in
liquidwater 289
R.D.Cortright, R.R.Davda&J.A.Dumesic
Directsplitting ofwaterundervisiblelightirradiation withanoxide
semiconductor photocatalyst 293
ZhigangZou,JinhuaYe,KazuhiroSayama&HironoriArakawa
SUPERCONDUCTORS
Materialssciencechallenges forhigh-temperature superconducting wire 299
S.R.Foltynetal.
High-T superconducting materialsforelectricpowerapplications 311
c
DavidLarbalestier, AlexGurevich,D.MatthewFeldmann&
AnatolyPolyanskii
Templateengineering ofco-doped BaFe As single-crystal thinfilms 321
2 2
S.Leeetal.
Stronglyenhanced currentdensities insuperconducting coatedconductors of
YBa2Cu3O7−x +BaZrO3 327
J.L.MacManus-Driscoll etal.
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ix
PREFACE
The availability of affordable energy has so far led to spectacular industrialization and
development, but with growth accelerating in developing countries, demands on energy
infrastructure and sources are being stretched to new limits. The recent realization that
the observed rise in global temperature since pre-industrial time is most likely due to the
increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases, most crucially carbon dioxide, together
with the uneven distribution of energy sources around the world, must change the way we
viewthegeneration andsupply ofenergy. Ifnothing isdonetomitigatethecarbondioxide
problem,theconsequences forhumanlifeandourwell-beingcouldbecatastrophic1,2.
Todealwiththeserapidchangeswebasicallyhavethreeoptions: improvetheefficiency
withwhich energy isused through better technology; push upthe price ofemitting carbon
through regulation; and reduce the costs of generating energy without fossil fuels, most
notably from renewable sources such as light, wind, water and plant growth. The usual
tendency among governments and traditional utilities to see renewable energy sources as
add-ons isshortsighted. Thesesourcesare,alongside nuclearpower3,whatweneed.
Many new energy-saving technologies such as electric cars, light-emitting diodes and
high-voltage direct-current transmission of electric power are emerging. None is without
its problems, and the renewable resources tend to be generally diffuse and sporadic. Yet
thereisagreatopportunity fortechnological progressinmanyofthesefields,mostnotably
insolarpower4 andinenergy storage.
The need for abundant energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels is the great
technological challenge of the twenty-first century — fundamental to further economic
development and, to some degree, of climate stability. Fossil-fuel depletion and carbon
dioxide emission is driving the quest for renewable energy resources and the search for
cleaner,cheaper,smallerandmoreefficientenergytechnologyistoalargeextentdrivenby
thedevelopment ofnewmaterials5,6.
The aim of this collection of articles is therefore to focus on what materials-based
solutions can offer, and show how the rational design and improvement of their physical
andchemicalpropertiescanleadtoenergy-production alternativesthathavethepotentialto
compete withexisting technologies. Thiscollection of 48peer-reviewed articles including
reviewsandresearchpaperspublishedoverthepast10yearsinNatureandNatureMaterials
looksatthetechnologies andscience-base neededtomeetthechallengeofcleanenergyon
aglobalscale.
Wehope this book can serve as an introduction to researchers who may be thinking of
moving into anewfield related to energy and forothers (students, politicians) whosimply
wanttolearnabouthowwecantackletheenergychallenge. Intermsofalternativemeansto
generate electricity thatutilizerenewableenergy sources, themostdramaticbreakthroughs
for both mobile and stationary applications are taking place in the fields of photovoltaic
cells and thermoelectric converters. And from an energy-storage perspective, exciting
