Table Of Content(cid:2)
Materials for Solid State
Lighting and Displays
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WileySeriesinMaterialsforElectronicandOptoelectronicApplications
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SeriesEditors
ProfessorArthurWilloughby,UniversityofSouthampton,Southampton,UK
DrPeterCapper,formerlyofSELEXGalileoInfraredLtd,Southampton,UK
ProfessorSafaKasap,UniversityofSaskatchewan,Saskatoon,Canada
PublishedTitles
Bulk Crystal Growth of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials, Edited by
P.Capper
PropertiesofGroup-IV,III–VandII–VISemiconductors,S.Adachi
Charge Transport in Disordered Solids with Applications in Electronics, Edited by
S.Baranovski
OpticalPropertiesofCondensedMatterandApplications,EditedbyJ.Singh
Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications, Edited by
J.PoortmansandV.Arkhipov
DielectricFilmsforAdvancedMicroelectronics,EditedbyM.R.Baklanov,M.Green,and
K.Maex
LiquidPhaseEpitaxyofElectronic,OpticalandOptoelectronicMaterials,Editedby
P.CapperandM.Mauk
MolecularElectronics:FromPrinciplestoPractice,M.Petty
CVDDiamondforElectronicDevicesandSensors,EditedbyR.S.Sussmann
Properties of Semiconductor Alloys: Group-IV, III–V, and II–VI Semiconductors,
S.Adachi
(cid:2) MercuryCadmiumTelluride,EditedbyP.CapperandJ.Garland (cid:2)
Zinc Oxide Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications, Edited by
C.Litton,D.C.Reynolds,andT.C.Collins
Lead-FreeSolders:MaterialsReliabilityforElectronics,EditedbyK.N.Subramanian
SiliconPhotonics:FundamentalsandDevices,M.JamalDeenandP.K.Basu
Nanostructured and Subwavelength Waveguides: Fundamentals and Applications,
M.Skorobogatiy
Photovoltaic Materials: From Crystalline Silicon to Third-Generation Approaches,
G.ConibeerandA.Willoughby
Glancing Angle Deposition of Thin Films: Engineering the Nanoscale, Matthew
M.Hawkeye,MichaelT.TaschukandMichaelJ.Brett
Spintronics for Next Generation Innovative Devices, Edited by Katsuaki Sato and
EijiSaitoh
PhysicalPropertiesofHigh-TemperatureSuperconductors,RainerWesche
InorganicGlassesforPhotonics,AnimeshJha
Amorphous Semiconductors: Structural, Optical and Electronic Properties, Koichi
Shimakawa,SandorKuglerandKazuoMorigaki
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Materials for Solid State
Lighting and Displays
Edited by
ADRIAN KITAI
Departments of Engineering Physics and Materials Science and
Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
©2017JohnWiley&SonsLtd
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorby
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9781119140580
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Contents
ListofContributors xi
SeriesPreface xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
AbouttheEditor xix
1. PrinciplesofSolidStateLuminescence 1
AdrianKitai
1.1 IntroductiontoRadiationfromanAcceleratingCharge 1
1.2 RadiationfromanOscillatingDipole 4
1.3 QuantumDescriptionofanElectronduringaRadiationEvent 5
1.4 TheExciton 7
1.5 Two-ElectronAtoms 10
1.6 MolecularExcitons 16
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1.7 Band-to-BandTransitions 19
1.8 PhotometricUnits 23
1.9 TheLightEmittingDiode 28
References 30
2. QuantumDotsforDisplaysandSolidStateLighting 31
JesseR.Manders,DebasisBera,LeiQianandPaulH.Holloway
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 NanostructuredMaterials 34
2.3 QuantumDots 35
2.3.1 HistoryofQuantumDots 36
2.3.2 StructureandPropertiesRelationship 36
2.3.3 QuantumConfinementEffectsonBandGap 38
2.4 RelaxationProcessofExcitons 41
2.4.1 RadiativeRelaxation 42
2.4.2 NonradiativeRelaxationProcess 45
2.5 BlinkingEffect 46
2.6 SurfacePassivation 47
2.6.1 OrganicallyCappedQDs 47
2.6.2 InorganicallyPassivatedQDs 48
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vi Contents
2.7 SynthesisProcesses 49
2.7.1 Top-DownSynthesis 49
2.7.2 Bottom-UpApproach 50
2.8 OpticalPropertiesandApplications 53
2.8.1 Displays 53
2.8.2 SolidStateLighting 73
2.8.3 BiologicalApplications 78
2.9 Perspective 81
Acknowledgments 82
References 82
3. ColorConversionPhosphorsforLightEmittingDiodes 91
JackSilver,GeorgeR.FernandRobertWithnall
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 DisadvantagesofUsingLEDsWithoutColorConversionPhosphors 93
3.3 PhosphorsforConvertingtheColorofLightEmittedbyLEDs 95
3.3.1 GeneralConsiderations 95
3.3.2 RequirementsofColorConversionPhosphors 95
3.3.3 CommonlyUsedActivatorsinColorConversionPhosphors 97
3.3.4 StrategiesforGeneratingWhiteLightfromLEDs 97
3.3.5 OutstandingProblemswithColorConversionPhosphorsfor
LEDs 98
3.4 SurveyoftheSynthesisandPropertiesofSomeCurrentlyAvailable
(cid:2) ColorConversionPhosphors 99 (cid:2)
3.4.1 Phosphorsynthesis 99
3.4.2 MetalOxideBasedPhosphors 99
3.4.3 MetalSulfideBasedPhosphors 113
3.4.4 MetalNitrides 117
3.4.5 AlkalineEarthMetalOxo-Nitrides 120
3.4.6 MetalFluoridePhosphors 121
3.5 Multi-PhosphorpcLEDs 122
3.6 QuantumDots 123
3.7 LaserDiodes 124
3.8 Conclusions 125
Acknowledgments 125
References 126
4. NitrideandOxynitridePhosphorsforLightEmittingDiodes 135
LeWangandRong-JunXie
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 SynthesisofNitrideandOxynitridePhosphors 138
4.2.1 SolidStateReactionMethod 138
4.2.2 GasReductionandNitridation 139
4.2.3 CarbothermalReductionandNitridation 140
4.2.4 AlloyNitridation 140
4.2.5 AmmonothermalSynthesis 141
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Contents vii
4.3 PhotoluminescencePropertiesofNitrideandOxynitridePhosphors 142
4.3.1 LuminescenceSpectraofTypicalActivators 142
4.4 EmergingNitridePhosphorsandTheirSynthesis 165
4.4.1 Narrow-BandRedNitridePhosphors 165
4.4.2 Narrow-BandGreenNitridePhosphors 167
4.5 ApplicationsofNitridePhosphors 169
4.5.1 GeneralLighting 169
4.5.2 LCDBacklight 172
References 173
5. OrganicLightEmittingDeviceMaterialsforDisplays 183
TylerDavidson-Hall,YoshitakaKajiyamaandHanyAziz
5.1 IntroductiontoOLEDsandOrganicElectroluminscentMaterials 184
5.2 OLEDLightEmittingMaterials 186
5.2.1 NeatEmitters 187
5.2.2 GuestEmitters 192
5.2.3 Aggregate-InducedEmission 201
5.3 OLEDDisplays 203
5.3.1 RGBColorPatterningApproaches 203
5.3.2 DisplayAddressingApproaches 204
5.3.3 FMMTechnology 207
5.3.4 AlternativeFabricationTechniques 208
5.3.5 OutlookonOLEDDisplayCommercialization 212
(cid:2) 5.4 QuantumDotLightEmittingDevices 213 (cid:2)
5.4.1 QDOptimizationbyCore–ShellMorphology 214
5.4.2 OrganicChargeTransportQD-LEDs 215
5.4.3 HybridOrganic–InorganicChargeTransportQD-LEDs 217
5.4.4 EnergyTransferEnhancedQD-LEDs 219
5.4.5 QD-LEDLifetime 220
References 220
6. White-LightEmittingMaterialsforOrganicLight-EmittingDiode-Based
DisplaysandLighting 231
SimoneLenk,MichaelThomschkeandSebastianReineke
6.1 Introduction 231
6.2 WhiteOrganicLight-EmittingDiodes 233
6.3 PhotometryandRadiometry 236
6.3.1 OLEDEfficiencies 239
6.3.2 ColorStimulusSpecification 239
6.3.3 ColorCorrelatedTemperature 240
6.3.4 ColorRenderingIndex 241
6.3.5 WhiteLight 241
6.4 DeviceOptics 242
6.4.1 OpticalPropertiesofThinFilms 242
6.4.2 OpticalOutcoupling 245
6.4.3 Top-EmittingOLEDs 247
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viii Contents
6.4.4 SimulationTools 248
6.5 MaterialsforEfficientWhiteElectroluminescence 248
6.5.1 SpinStatisticsforElectroluminescence 248
6.5.2 Fluorescence-EmittingMolecules 249
6.5.3 AdvancedConceptsComprisingFluorescentEmitters 251
6.5.4 Phosphorescence-EmittingMolecules 251
6.5.5 SingleWhite-LightEmittingPhosphorescentMaterials 256
6.5.6 ThermallyActivatedDelayedFluorescence-BasedEmitters 257
6.5.7 PhosphorescenceVersusThermallyActivatedDelayed
Fluorescence 261
6.5.8 TADFAssistedFluorescence(TAF)Emitters 263
6.6 PolymerConcepts 263
6.6.1 VariousConceptsInvolvingPolymerMaterials 265
6.6.2 LearningfromHighPerformanceSmallMoleculesforHigh
EfficiencyPolymers 267
6.7 SummaryandOutlook 268
References 269
7. LightEmittingDiodeMaterialsandDevices 273
MichaelR.Krames
7.1 Introduction 273
7.2 LightEmittingDiodeBasics 273
7.2.1 Construction 273
(cid:2) 7.2.2 RecombinationProcesses 275 (cid:2)
7.2.3 Heterojunctions 277
7.2.4 QuantumWells 278
7.2.5 CurrentInjection 278
7.2.6 Forwardvoltage 280
7.3 MaterialSystems 280
7.3.1 Ga(As,P) 280
7.3.2 Ga(As,P):N 281
7.3.3 (Al,Ga)As 282
7.3.4 (Al,Ga)InP 282
7.3.5 (Ga,In)N 283
7.3.6 WhiteLightGeneration 285
7.4 PackagingTechnologies 288
7.4.1 LowPower 288
7.4.2 MidPower 288
7.4.3 HighPower 289
7.4.4 Chip-On-BoardLEDs 290
7.4.5 Multi-ColorLEDs 290
7.4.6 ElectrostaticDischargeProtection 290
7.5 Performance 291
7.5.1 LightExtractionEfficiency 291
7.5.2 MonochromaticPerformance 292
7.5.3 White-EmittingPerformance 298
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Contents ix
7.5.4 TemperatureEffects 306
7.5.5 Reliability 306
References 307
8. AlternatingCurrentThinFilmandPowderElectroluminescence 313
AdrianKitai
8.1 Introduction 313
8.2 BackgroundofTFEL 314
8.2.1 ThickFilmDielectricELStructure 315
8.2.2 CeramicSheetDielectricEL 316
8.2.3 Sphere-SupportedTFEL 316
8.3 TheoryofOperation 317
8.4 ElectroluminescentPhosphors 324
8.5 ThinFilmDouble-InsulatingELDevices 325
8.6 CurrentStatusofTFEL 327
8.7 BackgroundofACPowderEL 328
8.8 MechanismofLightEmissioninACPowderEL 329
8.9 ElectroluminescenceCharacteristicsofACPowderELMaterials 333
8.10 EmissionSpectraofACPowderEL 334
8.11 LuminanceDegradation 335
8.12 MoistureandOperatingEnvironment 336
8.13 CurrentStatusandLimitationsofPowderEL 336
8.14 ResearchDirectionsinACPowderELandTFEL 336
(cid:2) References 337 (cid:2)
Index 339
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List of Contributors
Hany Aziz, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo,
Canada
DebasisBera,NanoPhotonica,Inc.,USAandDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngi-
neering,UniversityofFlorida,USA
Tyler Davidson-Hall, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of
Waterloo,Canada
GeorgeR.Fern,BrunelUniversity,London,UK
Paul H. Holloway, NanoPhotonica, Inc., USA and Department of Materials Science &
Engineering,UniversityofFlorida,USA
(cid:2) Yoshitaka Kajiyama, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of (cid:2)
Waterloo,Canada
AdrianKitai,DepartmentsofEngineeringPhysicsandMaterialsScienceandEngineer-
ing,McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,Canada
MichaelR.Krames,Arkesso,LLC,USA
Simone Lenk, Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials
(IAPP)&InstituteforAppliedPhysics,TechnischeUniversitätDresden,Germany
JesseR.Manders,Nanosys,Inc.,USA
LeiQian,NanoPhotonica,Inc.,USAandDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineer-
ing,UniversityofFlorida,USA
SebastianReineke,DresdenIntegratedCenterforAppliedPhysicsandPhotonicMaterials
(IAPP)&InstituteforAppliedPhysics,TechnischeUniversitätDresden,Germany
JackSilver,BrunelUniversity,London,UK
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