Table Of ContentMaterials and Interfaces
for Clean Energy
Shihe Yang
Yongfu Qiu
Published by
Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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Materials and Interfaces for Clean Energy
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ISBN 978-981-4877-66-4 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-003-14223-2 (eBook)
Contents
Preface
1. In troduc tion x1i
1.1 Valence Electron Involved Energy Conversion 1
1.2 Enabling Materials and Interfaces 3
1.2.1 Nanomaterials 3
1.2.2 Electroactive and Photoactive Materials 4
1.2.3 Catalytic Materials 5
2. New Ma1te.2r.i4a l SynInthteersfias ces 59
2.1 Carbon Dots Synthesis 10
2.1.1 Top-Down Methods 10
2.1.2 Bottom-Up Methods 11
2.2 Copper Sulfide Nanowire Arrays Synthesis 12
2.3 Silver Sulfide Nanowire Arrays Synthesis 16
2.4 Iron Oxide Nanowire Arrays Synthesis 17
2.5 Copper Hydroxide and Oxide Nanowire
Arrays Synthesis 18
2.6 Ultrathin ZnO 1D Nanowire Arrays Synthesis 22
2.7 In Situ Cu2S/Au Core/Sheath Nanowire Arrays
Synthesis 23
2.8 In Situ Cu2S/Polypyrrole Core/Sheath
Nanowire Arrays Synthesis 25
2.9 Ultrathin Bi2O3 Nanowire Synthesis 26
2.10 Ultrathin ZnO Tetrapods Synthesis 30
2.11 Ultrathin ZnO Nanotubes Synthesis 32
2.12 Layered Double Hydroxides Synthesis 34
2.13 Binary-Nonmetal TMCs Synthesis 37
2.14 Fully Inorganic Trihalide Perovskite 40
2.14.1 High-Temperature Hot-Injection Route 41
2.14.2 Room-Temperature Coprecipitation
Method 43
2.14.2.1 Ligand-mediated
reprecipitation method 43
vi Contents
2.14.2.2 Supersaturated
recrystallization process 44
2.14.3 Droplet-Based Microfluidic Approach 45
2.14.4 Solvothermal Method 46
3. 2In.1te5r faceC oEnncgliunseieornin g for Perovskite Solar Cells 4469
3.1 Introduction of Perovskite Solar Cells 49
3.2 Importance of Interfaces in Planar p-i-n PSCs 50
3.2.1 Energy-Level Alignment 51
3.2.2 Charge Dynamics 52
3.2.3 Trap Passivation 54
3.2.4 Ion Migration 54
3.3 Interface Engineering of Conventional n-i-p
Structure PSCs 55
3.3.1 From Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells to
PSCs 55
3.3.2 Interface between TCO and Oxide
Semiconductor ETL 57
3.3.3 Interface between ETL and Perovskite 59
3.3.4 Grain Boundaries in the Perovskite
Active Layer 64
3.3.5 Interface between Perovskite and HTL 65
3.4 Interface Engineering of Inverted p-i-n
Structure PSCs 67
3.4.1 Current–Voltage Hysteresis Problem:
From n-i-p to p-i-n Structure PSCs 67
3.4.2 Interface between TCO and HTL 68
3.4.3 Interface between HTL and Perovskite 70
3.4.4 Interface between Perovskite and ETL 75
3.4.5 Interface between ETL and Metal
Electrode 78
3.5 Interface Engineering of C-PSCs 78
3.5.1 Brief Introduction of C-PSCs 78
3.5.2 Interface between Oxide
Semiconductor ETL and Perovskite 79
3.5.3 Interface between Perovskite and
Carbon-Based Electrode 82
3.5.4 New-Type Carbon Electrode Materials 84
3.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 87
Contents vii
4. Carbon Quantum Dot Luminescent Materials 91
4.1 Introduction 92
4.1.1 Semiconductor Physics Basics 92
4.1.1.1 Energy band 92
4.1.1.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors 93
4.1.1.3 p–n junction 94
4.1.1.4 Direct and indirect
bandgap semiconductors 95
4.1.2 Semiconductor Luminescence 97
4.1.2.1 Luminescence process of
direct bandgap
semiconductor materials 98
4.1.2.2 Luminescence process of
indirect bandgap
semiconductor materials 99
4.2 Fluorescence Properties of Carbon Quantum
Dots 99
4.2.1 Introduction of Carbon Quantum Dots 99
4.2.2 Fluorescence Emission from Bandgap
Transitions of Conjugated π-Domains 101
4.2.3 Fluorescence Emission of Surface
Defect-Derived Origin 106
4.2.4 Up-Conversion Fluorescence 107
4.3 Room Temperature Phosphorescence
Properties of CQDs 108
4.4 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Properties of CQDs 113
5. 4A.p5p licatSiuomn imn aLrityh ium-Ion Battery 111147
5.1 Various Precursors to Hierarchically Porous
Micro-/Nanostructures 118
5.1.1 Metal Hydroxide Precursors 119
5.1.2 Metal Carbonate Precursors 121
5.1.3 Metal Carbonate Hydroxide
Precursors 127
5.1.4 Metal–Organic Framework
Precursors 130
viii Contents
5.1.5 Other Precursors 130
5.2 Application in LIBs 130
5.2.1 Anode Materials 130
5.2.2 Cathode Materials 138
6. 5A.p3p licatCioonn cinlu Pseiorno vskite Solar Cells 114425
6.1 Working Principle and Characterization of
Solar Cell 146
6.2 Crystal Structures of I-PVKs 148
6.3 Lead-Based Inorganic Perovskites 149
6.3.1 CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 149
6.3.2 CsPbBrx3 Pexrovskite Solar Cells 154
6.3.3 CsPbI3- Br Perovskite Solar Cells 159
6.4 Lead-Free Inorganic Perovskites 165
6.4.1 CsSnI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 165
6.4.2 CsSnBrx3 Pexrovskite Solar Cells 169
6.4.3 CsSnI3- Br Perovskite Solar Cells 172
6.4.4 CsGeI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 174
6.5 Perovskite-Derived Materials 175
6.5.1 Sn-Based Perovskites 175
6.5.2 Bi-Based Perovskites 179
6.5.3 Sb-Based Perovskites 181
6.5.4 Double Perovskites 182
6.6 Issues and Outlooks 185
7. 6A.p7p licatCioonn cinlu Eslieocnt rocatalytic Water Splitting 118869
7.1 HER Fundamentals 192
7.1.1 Hydrogen Adsorption on Catalyst
Surface 193
7.1.2 Reaction Pathways 198
7.2 Binary-Nonmetal TMCs for Hydrogen
Evolution 202
7.2.1 Transition-Metal Sulfoselenides
(MSSe) 202
7.2.2 Transition-Metal Phosphosulfides 209
7.2.3 Transition-Metal Carbonitrides 215
7.3 Some Basics of OER Catalysis 219
Contents ix
7.4 Transition-Metal-Based Layered Double
Hydroxides for Oxygen Evolution 223
7.4.1 Unary Metal-Based Layered Double
Hydroxides 223
7.4.1.1 VIII group single
transition-metal
hydroxides/oxyhydroxides 224
7.4.1.2 V-hydroxides/
oxyhydroxides 226
7.4.2 Binary Metal-Based LDH 226
7.4.2.1 NiFe LDH 227
7.4.2.2 Other Ni-based binary
metal LDHs 229
7.4.2.3 Co-based binary metal LDH 231
7.4.3 Ternary Metal-Based LDH 233
7.5 Mechanistic Studies of OER 235
7.6 Summary and Prospects 239
7.6.1 Difficulty in Synthesizing Well-
Defined Binary-Nonmetal TMC
Materials 240
7.6.2 Difficulty in Characterizing Precise
Locations of As-Doped Foreign
Nonmetal Atoms in Binary-
Nonmetal TMC Materials 240
7.6.3 Need for Further Improvement in
Their HER Electrocatalytic
Index Performance 241
245
