Table Of ContentMASTERS
OF
WAR
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Contents
MASTERS
DK DELHI
Senior Editor Suefa Lee
Senior Art Editor Mahua Sharma
Project Editor Tina Jindal INTRODUCTION: THE ESSENTIALS OF WARFARE 8
OF Editor Priyanjali Narain
Art Editors Sonakshi Singh, Arshti Narang WARRIORS OF ANCIENT EMPIRES
WAR Assistant Art Editor Ankita Das
Senior Jacket Designer Suhita Dharamjit The beginnings of organized warfare, the transition
DTP Designers Anita Yadav, Nand Kishor Acharya from stone axes to iron swords, and the emergence of
Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh warrior-led empires with powerful, multi-skilled armies.
Production Manager Pankaj Sharma
Egypt, Assyria, and Persia 12
Senior Managing Editor Rohan Sinha
Managing Art Editor Sudakshina Basu Archers and Spearmen 14
Editorial Head Glenda Fernandes
Qin Shi Huang 16
Design Head Malavika Talukder
Chinese Weapons 18
DK LONDON
Chandragupta Maurya / Ashoka 20
Senior Editors Hugo Wilkinson, Fleur Star
Editor Abigail Ellis Heroes of the Greek Wars 22
US Editor Jill Hamilton
Ancient Greek Infantry 24
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT
Production Editor Kavita Varma The Rise of Alexander 32
Senior Production Controller Mandy Inness
Special Sales and Custom Publishing Manager Michelle Baxter
Art Director Karen Self
MIGHT OF ROME
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf How the Roman army, with its formidable legions
and generals, fought across Europe, Africa, and
DYNAMO
Asia to gain, defend, and eventually lose an empire.
Managing Editor Claire Lister
Design Project Manager Andrew Fishleigh
Hannibal / Scipio Africanus 36
Consultant Brian Williams Roman Victors 38
Roman Legionaries 40
Includes content previously published in Warrior in 2007, War in 2009,
World War II in 2009, Commanders in 2010, The Military History Book in 2012, Enemies of Rome 46
World War I in 2014, Weapon in 2016, Leaders Who Changed History in 2019,
and Warfare in 2020 Byzantine Generals 48
First American Edition, 2021
Published in the United States by DK Publishing
1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018
WARLORDS AND VASSALS
Copyright © 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited
DK, a division of Penguin Random House LLC Wars for supremacy raged, as medieval kings and
21 22 23 24 25 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 feudal lords tussled, plundering raiders ranged far
001—326112—Oct/21
and wide, and soldiers of faith fought holy wars.
All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part Khalid ibn al-Walid / Husain ibn Ali 52
of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means Charles Martel / Charlemagne 54
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-0-7440-4778-3
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use.
For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets,
1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018
[email protected]
Printed and bound in Dubai
www.dk.com
A VISUAL HISTORY OF MILITARY PERSONNEL
This book was made with Forest
Stewardship Council ™ certified
paper—one small step in DK’s
FROM COMMANDERS TO FRONTLINE FIGHTERS commitment to a sustainable
future. For more information go
to www.dk.com/our-green-pledge
UUSS__000022--000033__TTiittllee..iinndddd 33 1166//0066//2211 66::0000 PPMM UUSS__000044--000077__CCoonntteennttss..iinndddd 44 1177//0066//2211 33::5599 PPMM
Contents
DK DELHI
Senior Editor Suefa Lee
Senior Art Editor Mahua Sharma
Project Editor Tina Jindal
INTRODUCTION: THE ESSENTIALS OF WARFARE 8
Editor Priyanjali Narain
Art Editors Sonakshi Singh, Arshti Narang
WARRIORS OF ANCIENT EMPIRES
Assistant Art Editor Ankita Das
Senior Jacket Designer Suhita Dharamjit The beginnings of organized warfare, the transition
DTP Designers Anita Yadav, Nand Kishor Acharya from stone axes to iron swords, and the emergence of
Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh warrior-led empires with powerful, multi-skilled armies.
Production Manager Pankaj Sharma
Egypt, Assyria, and Persia 12
Senior Managing Editor Rohan Sinha
Managing Art Editor Sudakshina Basu Archers and Spearmen 14
Editorial Head Glenda Fernandes Qin Shi Huang 16
Design Head Malavika Talukder
Chinese Weapons 18
Chandragupta Maurya / Ashoka 20
DK LONDON
Senior Editors Hugo Wilkinson, Fleur Star Heroes of the Greek Wars 22
Editor Abigail Ellis
Ancient Greek Infantry 24
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT
The Rise of Alexander 32
Production Editor Kavita Varma
Senior Production Controller Mandy Inness
Special Sales and Custom Publishing Manager Michelle Baxter
Art Director Karen Self MIGHT OF ROME
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
How the Roman army, with its formidable legions
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf
and generals, fought across Europe, Africa, and
Asia to gain, defend, and eventually lose an empire.
DYNAMO
Managing Editor Claire Lister Hannibal / Scipio Africanus 36
Design Project Manager Andrew Fishleigh Roman Victors 38
Roman Legionaries 40
Consultant Brian Williams
Enemies of Rome 46
Includes content previously published in Warrior in 2007, War in 2009, Byzantine Generals 48
World War II in 2009, Commanders in 2010, The Military History Book in 2012,
World War I in 2014, Weapon in 2016, Leaders Who Changed History in 2019,
and Warfare in 2020
WARLORDS AND VASSALS
First published in Great Britain in 2021 by
Dorling Kindersley Limited
DK, One Embassy Gardens, 8 Viaduct Gardens, Wars for supremacy raged, as medieval kings and
London SW11 7BW feudal lords tussled, plundering raiders ranged far
and wide, and soldiers of faith fought holy wars.
The authorised representative in the EEA is
Dorling Kindersley Verlag GmbH. Arnulfstr. 124,
80636 Munich, Germany Khalid ibn al-Walid / Husain ibn Ali 52
Charles Martel / Charlemagne 54
Copyright © 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Penguin Random House Company
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–326112–Oct/21
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-2415-2975-1
Printed and bound in Dubai
www.dk.com
This book was made with Forest
Stewardship Council ™ certified
paper – one small step in DK’s
commitment to a sustainable
future. For more information go
to www.dk.com/our-green-pledge
UU0000SS44__--000000004477--__00CC00oo77nn__ttCCeeoonnnnttssttee..iinnnnddttssdd..ii nn dd44dd 44 11116677////00006666////22221111 5555::::11220011 PPPPMMMM
Franks and Saxons 56 MASTERS OF FIREPOWER Revolutionary War Generals 166 Confederate Infantry 216
Alfred of Wessex / Canute (Cnut) 58 American Revolutionary War Riflemen 168 Union Commanders 220
New technologies and imperial ambitions brought a
Vikings 60 global dimension to warfare, and while knights still Loyalist Infantry 170 Ulysses S. Grant 222
jousted, traditional weapons proved no match for
William the Conqueror 64 Union Infantry 224
cannon and musket.
Mahmud of Ghazni / Alp Arslan 66 Otto von Bismarck /
NAPOLEONIC WARS
Hernán Cortés / Francisco Pizarro 114
Wars for the Holy Land 68 Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 228
Aztecs and Incas 116 How Napoleon took Europe by storm, but was thwarted
Genghis Khan / Timur 72 Indigenous American Warriors 230
by Nelson’s sailors, Russia’s snows, and finally by the
Landsknecht Mercenaries 118
Mongol Warriors 74 soldiers of Blücher and Wellington. Sioux Warriors 232
François I 122
Apache and Nez Percé 236
Samurai Generals 76 Spanish Tercios 124 Napoleon Bonaparte 174
Empire and Resistance 238
Samurai 80 European Arms and Armor 126 French Cavalry 176
Zulu Warriors 242
Europe's Noble Commanders 128 French Chasseurs 178
Boer War Commanders 244
Sir Francis Drake 132 French Infantry 180
MEN AT ARMS Togo Heihachiro 246
Napoleonic War Commanders 182
The medieval era saw knightly chivalry and mercenary
Horatio Nelson 186
professionalism matched in armies with formidable THE NEW SOLDIER
British Sailors 188
WORLD AT WAR 1914–1918
combat weapons and fortifications, as well as ever
From the 17th century, a new soldier took Duke of Wellington 192
more elaborate armor.
the stage, with forward-thinking commanders Trench stalemate and new weapons changed
British Redcoats 196
leading a revolution on battlefields in Europe, strategic theories as millions fought on the Eastern
Edward III 84
America, and India. and Western Fronts, and civil wars brought down
English Longbowmen 86
war-wearied regimes.
Henry V / Joan of Arc 88 Gustavus Adolphus / Count Tilly 136 EMPIRES AND NATIONS
Paul von Hindenburg / Erich Ludendorff 250
Dutch Foot Soldiers 138
Knight Commanders 90 The changing nature of conflict; freedom fighters
Oliver Cromwell 140 German Stormtroopers 252
clashed with settlers and colonial powers, civil war
European Knights 92
English Civil War Musketeers 142 divided nations, and industrial might shifted the Allied Commanders 256
Suleiman I 96
Michiel de Ruyter / Robert Blake 144 balance of power. British Tommies 258
Magnificent Moguls 98
Duke of Marlborough 148 Hero Fighters 200 Naval Rivals 262
Mogul Warriors 100
Masters of Fort and Fleet 150 Simón Bolívar 202 Eastern and Western Fronts 264
Oda Nobunaga 102
Frederick the Great 154 Crimean War Generals 204 Western Front Soldiers 266
Toyotomi Hideyoshi /
Prussian Infantry 156 The Crimean War 206 Eastern Front Soldiers 270
Tokugawa Ieyasu 104 Alexander Suvorov / Maurice de Saxe 158 Giuseppe Garibaldi 210 Manfred von Richthofen 272
Japanese Weapons and Armor 108 Colonial Wars: Canada and India 160 Confederate Generals 212 Pancho Villa / Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 274
Yi Sun-sin / The Emperor Kangxi 110 George Washington 162 Robert E. Lee 214 Francisco Franco / Leon Trotsky 276
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Franks and Saxons 56 MASTERS OF FIREPOWER Revolutionary War Generals 166 Confederate Infantry 216
Alfred of Wessex / Canute (Cnut) 58 American Revolutionary War Riflemen 168 Union Commanders 220
New technologies and imperial ambitions brought a
Vikings 60 global dimension to warfare, and while knights still Loyalist Infantry 170 Ulysses S. Grant 222
jousted, traditional weapons proved no match for
William the Conqueror 64 Union Infantry 224
cannon and musket.
Mahmud of Ghazni / Alp Arslan 66 Otto von Bismarck /
NAPOLEONIC WARS
Hernán Cortés / Francisco Pizarro 114
Wars for the Holy Land 68 Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 228
Aztecs and Incas 116 How Napoleon took Europe by storm, but was thwarted
Genghis Khan / Timur 72 Indigenous American Warriors 230
by Nelson’s sailors, Russia’s snows, and finally by the
Landsknecht Mercenaries 118
Mongol Warriors 74 soldiers of Blücher and Wellington. Sioux Warriors 232
François I 122
Apache and Nez Percé 236
Samurai Generals 76 Spanish Tercios 124 Napoleon Bonaparte 174
Empire and Resistance 238
Samurai 80 European Arms and Armor 126 French Cavalry 176
Zulu Warriors 242
Europe's Noble Commanders 128 French Chasseurs 178
Boer War Commanders 244
Sir Francis Drake 132 French Infantry 180
MEN AT ARMS Togo Heihachiro 246
Napoleonic War Commanders 182
The medieval era saw knightly chivalry and mercenary
Horatio Nelson 186
professionalism matched in armies with formidable THE NEW SOLDIER
British Sailors 188
WORLD AT WAR 1914–1918
combat weapons and fortifications, as well as ever
From the 17th century, a new soldier took Duke of Wellington 192
more elaborate armor.
the stage, with forward-thinking commanders Trench stalemate and new weapons changed
British Redcoats 196
leading a revolution on battlefields in Europe, strategic theories as millions fought on the Eastern
Edward III 84
America, and India. and Western Fronts, and civil wars brought down
English Longbowmen 86
war-wearied regimes.
Henry V / Joan of Arc 88 Gustavus Adolphus / Count Tilly 136 EMPIRES AND NATIONS
Paul von Hindenburg / Erich Ludendorff 250
Dutch Foot Soldiers 138
Knight Commanders 90 The changing nature of conflict; freedom fighters
Oliver Cromwell 140 German Stormtroopers 252
clashed with settlers and colonial powers, civil war
European Knights 92
English Civil War Musketeers 142 divided nations, and industrial might shifted the Allied Commanders 256
Suleiman I 96
Michiel de Ruyter / Robert Blake 144 balance of power. British Tommies 258
Magnificent Moguls 98
Duke of Marlborough 148 Hero Fighters 200 Naval Rivals 262
Mogul Warriors 100
Masters of Fort and Fleet 150 Simón Bolívar 202 Eastern and Western Fronts 264
Oda Nobunaga 102
Frederick the Great 154 Crimean War Generals 204 Western Front Soldiers 266
Toyotomi Hideyoshi /
Prussian Infantry 156 The Crimean War 206 Eastern Front Soldiers 270
Tokugawa Ieyasu 104 Alexander Suvorov / Maurice de Saxe 158 Giuseppe Garibaldi 210 Manfred von Richthofen 272
Japanese Weapons and Armor 108 Colonial Wars: Canada and India 160 Confederate Generals 212 Pancho Villa / Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 274
Yi Sun-sin / The Emperor Kangxi 110 George Washington 162 Robert E. Lee 214 Francisco Franco / Leon Trotsky 276
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WORLD WAR II 1939–1945 William C. Westmoreland 338
US Marines 340
From the national leaders with ultimate power to
the commanders deploying the largest forces ever Moshe Dayan / Yasser Arafat 344
mustered on the ground, at sea, and in the air. Iraq and Afghanistan 346
Political Leaders 280 Modern British Infantry 348
Bernard Montgomery 282 SAS Soldiers 350
RAF Pilots 284
Karl Dönitz 288
Erwin Rommel / Heinz Guderian 290
INDEX
German Panzer Tank Crew 292 354
Vasilii Chuikov / Georgi Zhukov 296
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
359
Soviet Tank Crew 298
Yamamoto Isoroku 300
Chester Nimitz 302
Dwight D. Eisenhower 304
US Paratroopers 306
George Patton / Omar Bradley 310
Special Operations 312
Arthur Harris / Curtis LeMay 318
US B-17 Bomber Crews 320
THE MODERN WARRIOR
Armed with fast-moving technology, men and
women today take forward combat lessons from
complex wars in Korea, the Middle East, Vietnam,
Iraq, and Afghanistan.
Mao Zedong 324
Douglas MacArthur / Matthew Ridgway 326
Fidel Castro / Ernesto “Che” Guevara 328
Vo Nguyen Giap 332
Viet Cong 334
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The Essentials of Warfare
WORLD WAR II 1939–1945 William C. Westmoreland 338
US Marines 340
From the national leaders with ultimate power to
the commanders deploying the largest forces ever Moshe Dayan / Yasser Arafat 344
mustered on the ground, at sea, and in the air. Iraq and Afghanistan 346
MASTERY IN WAR depends on many factors: soldiers, but the mass of troops were conscripts
Political Leaders 280 Modern British Infantry 348
numbers, weapons, tactics, geography, even bound by loyalty and duty. Others might be
Bernard Montgomery 282 SAS Soldiers 350
weather, but leadership may tilt the scales, and volunteers, motivated by patriotism, religious
RAF Pilots 284
Karl Dönitz 288 that leader may be a king, a revolutionary, a zeal, revolutionary fervor, or plain greed for
Erwin Rommel / Heinz Guderian 290 career general, or a citizen tossed by fate into land and plunder.
INDEX
German Panzer Tank Crew 292 354
war. George Washington discarded convention to
Vasilii Chuikov / Georgi Zhukov 296
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 360 lead his American army, knowing that while the In each section of this book, profiles of
Soviet Tank Crew 298
British had to win, he needed only not to lose. commanders and features on the troops
Yamamoto Isoroku 300
Chester Nimitz 302 Adapt or fail; the masters of warfare have known they led are complemented by detailed
Dwight D. Eisenhower 304 it, including General Patton, who commented: illustrations of weapons, armor, and personal
US Paratroopers 306
“Do not try to make circumstances fit your plans. gear. These give insight into the lives and
George Patton / Omar Bradley 310
Make plans that fit the circumstances.” skills of warriors as diverse as Greek hoplites,
Special Operations 312
Roman legionaries, Viking raiders, medieval
Arthur Harris / Curtis LeMay 318
US B-17 Bomber Crews 320 In the following pages there are many examples knights, Mongol cavalry, Aztecs, Apaches,
of the qualities found in warriors throughout Japanese samurai, World War I Tommies,
history: intelligence, moral and physical fortitude, B-17 fliers, and modern infantry. Every age
THE MODERN WARRIOR
courage, decisiveness, resilience, ruthlessness, had its universal soldiers: the footsloggers
Armed with fast-moving technology, men and
women today take forward combat lessons from and (more rarely) humanity. In societies where and the elite, specialists and mercenaries,
complex wars in Korea, the Middle East, Vietnam,
social status and military service were interlinked, guerrillas and special forces. In almost every
Iraq, and Afghanistan.
most commanders were politico-religious leaders. culture, women fought too, but their military
Mao Zedong 324
Douglas MacArthur / Matthew Ridgway 326 Armies might have a core of professional contribution was rarely acknowledged. When
Fidel Castro / Ernesto “Che” Guevara 328
Vo Nguyen Giap 332
Viet Cong 334
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1
“It is more important to out-think
your enemy, than to out-fight him.”
S
CHINESE GENERAL SUN TZU (544–496 bce), THE ART OF WAR
E
R
I
uniform or armor was worn, it was designed to last-minute: “first you engage with your enemy,
F
P
intimidate as well as protect; “shock and awe” and then you see.” Weapons development—from
is an ancient concept. stone club and bronze sword to machine gun and
O
M
missile—has changed styles of warfare, but not
Much has been written about generalship and its its essential uncertainties. No commander should
key principles, such as concentration, cooperation, forget Helmuth von Moltke’s advice from 1871
E
S
mobility, and surprise. Spot the enemy’s weak that “no plan of operations reaches with any
point, as Alexander the Great did against the certainty beyond the first encounter with the
R
enemy’s main force.”
Persians at Arbela in 331 bce, then concentrate on T
it. The Duke of Marlborough’s victories exemplify
O
mobility and cooperation between artillery, N
cavalry, and infantry. At the Marne in 1914, a
I
textbook German offensive was foiled by the
E
R
surprise appearance of a French army. To these
BRIAN WILLIAMS
four principles, add a fifth element: luck. historical consultant
I
R
C
The successful commander is often the one on
whom fortune smiles. Julius Caesar believed in A
N
his own brilliance. Mao Zedong believed the
people’s revolutionary will was invincible. Napoleon W
A
Bonaparte admitted that brilliance was often
Ancient civilizations built cities and also armies; the first was in Mesopotamia
around 3000 bce. Soon after, from Egypt and Assyria to Greece and China,
mounted archers and warriors in chariots battled with infantry armed with
slings, clubs, spears, swords, and axes. Successful generals, notably Alexander
the Great, were acknowledged as masters of war, leading armies far afield to
conquer. Tactics and warrior codes varied, but everywhere heroic deeds were
enshrined in legend.
UUSS__000088--000099__IInnttrroo..iinndddd 99 0011//0077//2211 33::1188 PPMM UUSS__001100--001111__CChhaapptteerr__11__WWaarrrriioorrss__ooff__AAnncciieenntt__EEmmppiirreess..iinndddd 1100 1177//0066//2211 33::5511 PPMM
1
“It is more important to out-think
your enemy, than to out-fight him.”
S
CHINESE GENERAL SUN TZU (544–496 bce), THE ART OF WAR
E
R
I
uniform or armor was worn, it was designed to last-minute: “first you engage with your enemy,
F
P
intimidate as well as protect; “shock and awe” and then you see.” Weapons development—from
is an ancient concept. stone club and bronze sword to machine gun and
O
M
missile—has changed styles of warfare, but not
Much has been written about generalship and its its essential uncertainties. No commander should
key principles, such as concentration, cooperation, forget Helmuth von Moltke’s advice from 1871
E
S
mobility, and surprise. Spot the enemy’s weak that “no plan of operations reaches with any
point, as Alexander the Great did against the certainty beyond the first encounter with the
R
enemy’s main force.”
Persians at Arbela in 331 bce, then concentrate on T
it. The Duke of Marlborough’s victories exemplify
O
mobility and cooperation between artillery, N
cavalry, and infantry. At the Marne in 1914, a
I
textbook German offensive was foiled by the
E
R
surprise appearance of a French army. To these
BRIAN WILLIAMS
four principles, add a fifth element: luck. historical consultant
I
R
C
The successful commander is often the one on
whom fortune smiles. Julius Caesar believed in A
N
his own brilliance. Mao Zedong believed the
people’s revolutionary will was invincible. Napoleon W
A
Bonaparte admitted that brilliance was often
Ancient civilizations built cities and also armies; the first was in Mesopotamia
around 3000 bce. Soon after, from Egypt and Assyria to Greece and China,
mounted archers and warriors in chariots battled with infantry armed with
slings, clubs, spears, swords, and axes. Successful generals, notably Alexander
the Great, were acknowledged as masters of war, leading armies far afield to
conquer. Tactics and warrior codes varied, but everywhere heroic deeds were
enshrined in legend.
UUSS__000088--000099__IInnttrroo..iinndddd 99 0011//0077//2211 33::1188 PPMM UUSS__001100--001111__CChhaapptteerr__11__WWaarrrriioorrss__ooff__AAnncciieenntt__EEmmppiirreess..iinndddd 1100 1177//0066//2211 33::5511 PPMM
