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C++ Programming
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Macmillan Master Series
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Mastering
0
C++ Programming
W. Arthur Chapman, BSc (Hons), BA (Hons), PhD
Senior Lecturer
Edinburgh's Telford College
Edinburgh
Series Editor
William Buchanan, BSc (Hons ), CEng, PhD
Senior Lecturer
Napier University
Edinburgh
~
MACMillAN
© W. Arthur Chapman 1998
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provision of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London W1P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author
of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
Published in 1998 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-73179-6 ISBN 978-1-349-14795-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14795-3
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and
made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Typeset by W. Buchanan in Great Britain.
Q
Contents
Preface viii
1 FromCtoC++ 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 C ++ program structure 1
1.3 Keywords and identifiers 5
1.4 Data types 7
1.5 Unary operators 12
1.6 Conditional and relational operators 15
1.7 Selection 17
1.8 Iteration 22
1.9 Operator precedence and associativity 30
1.10 Summary 31
1.11 Exercises 32
2 Some C++ Enhancements 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Functions 34
2.3 Scope 43
2.4 Storage class 49
2.5 Arrays 58
2.6 Structures 65
2.7 Enumeration types 70
2.8 Summary 72
2.9 Exercises 72
3 Pointers and their uses 75
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Pointers 75
3.3 Pointer expressions 79
3.4 Pointer initialisation 82
3.5 Pointer arithmetic 83
3.6 Void pointers 89
3.7 References as return values 93
3.8 Strings 97
3.9 Arrays of pointers 98
3.10 New and delete 101
3.11 Dynamic arrays 104
3.12 Pointer notation - a summary 110
3.13 Summary 112
3.14 Exercises 113
4 Input and Output 115
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 Stream I/0 in C++ 115
4.3 Formatted output in C++ 116
4.4 Formatted input in C++ 122
4.5 File I/0 with C++ 126
4.6 Standard I/0 130
4.7 Summary 133
4.8 Exercise 134
5 Introducing Classes 135
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Why classes? 135
5.3 Class declaration 136
5.4 Example -the date class 138
5.5 Public and private 140
5.6 Unions 142
5.7 Constructors 145
5.8 Destructors 149
5.9 Class name scope 152
5.10 Using static class members 155
5.11 Summary 158
5.12 Exercises 159
5.13 References 163
6 Extending Functions 164
6.1 Introduction 164
6.2 Default arguments 164
6.3 Function overloading 168
6.4 Inline functions 171
6.5 Member access - a recap 173
6.6 Friends 174
6.7 Operator overloading 182
6.8 Using a friend for operator overloading 187
6.9 Non-member and non-friend operator overloading 190
6.10 Summary ... so far 190
6.11 Overloading unary operators 191
6.12 Copying objects 195
6.13 A class as a function parameter 200
6.14 Returning an object 202
6.15 Overloading = 204
6.16 The date class revisited 205
6.17 Class conversions 212
vi Mastering C++
6.18 Summary 219
6.19 Exercises 220
7 Manipulating Objects 226
7.1 Introduction 226
7.2 Arrays of simple objects 226
7.3 Arrays of more complex objects 228
7.4 Pointers to objects 230
7.5 Creating dynamic objects 232
7.6 Interim summary 236
7.7 Dynamic arrays of objects 237
7.8 Summary 242
7.9 Exercises 242
8 Inheritance 243
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Single inheritance 243
8.3 Multiple inheritance 272
8.4 Virtual functions 273
8.5 Pure virtual functions 278
8.6 Destructors and single inheritance 281
8.7 Multiple inheritance - another look 284
8.8 Summary 290
8.9 Exercises 290
9 Container Classes and Templates 292
9.1 Introduction 292
9.2 Container classes -a worked example 292
9.3 Template classes 305
9.4 Exception handling 314
9.5 The list class as a template 315
9.6 Template classes and parameters 320
9.7 Template functions 321
9.8 Summary 323
9.9 Exercises 323
A Date Class 326
B C++ Tokens 333
B.1 Comments 333
B.2 Separators 333
B.3 Preprocessor operators 333
B.4 Operators 334
c Solution to Selected Exercises 336
Index 337
Contents vu
Q
Preface
This book introduces the reader to the fundamental constructs of C++ and
provides a gentle introduction to the ideas of object-oriented programming. It
is an advantage to have some previous knowledge and experience of other
programming language, such as Pascal or C. Languages such as Pascal, C and
C++ are constructed out of a number of basic control structures (sequence,
selection and iteration) and use well-defmed blocks of code which perform
particular tasks (procedures and functions in Pascal; functions in C and C++).
In addition these languages require some basic data types and allow the crea
tion of user-defmed data types. For example, in Pascal the fundamental types
are integer, real, char, Boolean and, in some implementations, string. In
C and C++ we have int, float and char. Type qualifiers (short, long,
signed and unsigned) in C and C++ provide extensions to the basic data
types. Further extensions are introduced through the use of arrays to provide
collections of a particular data type (in all three languages) and then through
the use of record in Pascal, struct (and typedef) inC and C++ and through
the use of class in C++ to allow for more complex user-defined data types.
The C++ language grew out of C (hence its name) and so is based on a
functional approach to programming. In such languages a problem is broken
down into modules, which perform a particular well-defmed task. Each mod
ule is then created through a design process consisting of stages such as de
scription, outline design, detail design, coding and testing. C++ can be
thought of as an extension to C by, for example, introducing function and op
erator overloading or providing better ways of implementing abstract data
types. However, it can also be thought of as a completely new language which
allows for the use of a new approach to software design. This new approach -
object-oriented design-is based on modelling a problem using objects. These
objects are members of classes; they have various behaviours and they pass
messages to other objects. Often such an approach to software design more
closely models our everyday world, for example think of the interaction of a
passenger getting on a bus and buying a ticket from the driver. The passenger
and driver can be thought of as two separate objects with certain behaviours,
who pass 'messages' between them.
The main aim of this book is to help you to learn the fundamental con
structs of the C++ language. It is organised as follows:
• Chapters 1 and 2. Provides an introduction to the fundamental structure,
semantics and syntax of C++ and illustrates some of the basic enhance
ments made to C.
Vlll
• Chapter 3. This deals with pointers and their uses, including a look at dy
namic memory management. Whilst pointers are not as necessary in C++
as they are in C they still have important uses and anyone programming in
C++ needs to have some understanding of their use.
• Chapter 4. Provides a glimpse of the essentials of input and output in C++
as well as a short review of i/o in C.
• Chapter 5. Provides more detail of classes, why they are needed, how they
are constructed and how they are used.
• Chapter 6. A detailed discussion of the many extended function facilities,
where the central concepts of function overloading and operator over
loading is discussed.
• Chapter 7. Looks at ways of manipulating objects using arrays and point
ers.
• Chapter 8. Discusses inheritance, central to object oriented programming,
and reusability.
• Chapter 9. Looks at the way classes can be used as containers for other
classes and the extension to templates.
In a book of this length it is not possible to go deeply into the details of pro
gram design, although some examples of functional design and object
oriented design will be provided. It is important that you understand the basics
of both of these approaches to program design. Contrary to some views not
every problem can be squeezed into an object-model solution. However, pro
viding another method of software design is a means of providing one more
tool for the programmer and, as in any jobs it is important that the right tool is
used for the right job. After working through this book you should be:
• More familiar with some of the more important details of C++.
• Familiar with both functional design and object-oriented designm ethods.
• Better able to choose when to use which method.
Once again I would like to thank my friend and colleague Noel Chidwick at
Edinburgh's Telford College for the suggestion to publish this material - it
has been used in various forms in normal 'face-to-face' classes and 'on-line'
via Scotland's Virtual College (http: I /www. svc. org. uk)- and I am grateful
for the help and feedback from staff and students during the gestation period.
Thanks are also due to Suzannah Tipple at Macmillan for her help, encour
agement and understanding throughout the lifetime of this project and, in par
ticular, when I was trying to keep to, but missing deadlines. I am grateful also
to Bill Buchanan for his help, understanding and perseverance in dealing with
the text in its various unfinished forms and for his diligence in producing the
fmal version. Finally, for their support, understanding and encouragement I
Preface IX
