Mass Society and Democracy - AHS History

32 Pages·2001·3.62 MB·English

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Mass Society
and Democracy
1870–1914
Key Events
As you read this chapter, look for the key events in the development of mass society.
• The Second Industrial Revolution resulted in changes in political, economic, and
social systems.
• After 1870, higher wages and improved conditions in cities raised the standard of
living for urban workers.
• The late 1800s and early 1900s were a time of political conflict that led to the
Balkan crises and, eventually, World War I.
• New discoveries radically changed scientific thought, art, architecture, and social
consciousness between 1870 and 1914.
The Impact Today
The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today.
• Because of poor working conditions, labor unions were organized to fight for
improvements. Millions of workers are members of various unions today.
• Many of the inventions produced during this time, such as telephones and
automobiles, are still used today.
World History Video The Chapter 20 video, “The Industrial
Movement,”chronicles the impact of the development and advancements
of the Second Industrial Revolution.
1876
Alexander
Graham Bell
Transmitter and invents the
receiver used for telephone
first telephone call
1835 1845 1855 1865 1875
1848 1861 1871
The Communist First Civil War British unions
Manifestois battle fought in gain legal
published United States recognition
Karl Marx
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The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Trainby Claude Monet, 1877 This painting illustrates Monet’s fascination with light
as it is reflected and absorbed by the sky, clouds, windows, and trains.
World War I
recruitment poster
HISTORY
1888 1905
Eastman A revolution in 1914
creates the Russia produces World War I
Kodak camera limited reforms begins Chapter Overview
Visit the Glencoe World
HistoryWeb site at
wh.glencoe.com and click
1885 1895 1905 1915 1925
on Chapter 20–Chapter
Overviewto preview
chapter information.
1889 1901
Daimler and Marconi sends
Maybach build radio waves
gasoline- across the
powered car Atlantic
Early German automobile,
Daimler-Stahlradwagen, 1889
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Steeplechase swimming pool at Coney Island, New York, c. 1919
The New Leisure
B
Why It Matters
y the second half of the nineteenth century, new work
patterns had established the concept of the weekend A new leisure was one part of the
as a distinct time of recreation and fun. New forms of trans- mass society that emerged in the
portation—railroads and streetcars—enabled workers to late nineteenth century. The devel-
make brief trips to amusement parks. Coney Island was only opment of this new mass society
eight miles from central New York City; Blackpool, in Eng- helped improve the lives of the
lower classes, who benefited from
land, was a short train ride from nearby industrial towns.
extended voting rights, a better
With their Ferris wheels and other daring rides that threw
standard of living, and public educa-
young men and women together, amusement parks offered
tion. In addition, the European
a whole new world of entertainment. Before leaving, people
nation-states now fostered national
purchased picture postcards to remember the day’s fun.
loyalty and created mass armies.
Thanks to the railroad, seaside resorts—once visited only
Political democracy grew as the
by the wealthy—became accessible to more people for week- right to vote was extended to all
end visits. One upper-class seaside resort regular expressed adult males.
his disgust with the new “day-trippers”:
History and You In 1850, a per-
“They swarm upon the beach, wandering about with
son born in the West could expect
apparently no other aim than to get a mouthful of fresh air.
to live about 40 years. By 1910, life
You may see them in groups of three or four—the husband,
expectancy had increased to 54
a pale man, dressed in black coat, carries the baby; the wife, years. Using a recent almanac, com-
equally pale and thin, decked out in her best, labors after with pare the life expectancy rates of
a basket of food. And then there is generally another child... people in the United States, United
wandering behind.” Kingdom, and Russia today with the
rates in 1910. Create a bar graph
Businessmen in resorts like Blackpool, however, welcomed
with the data you find.
the crowds of new visitors and built for them boardwalks
FCATMA.D.2.4.1
laden with food, drink, and entertainment.
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The Growth of
Industrial Prosperity
Guide to Reading
Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy
•New sources of energy and consumer Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Cause and Effect As you read this
products transformed the standard of Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Marx section, complete a diagram like the one
living for all social classes in many Euro- below showing the cause and effect rela-
Places to Locate
pean countries. tionship between the resources and the
Netherlands, Austria-Hungary, Spain,
•Working-class leaders used Marx’s ideas products produced. FCATLA.E.2.2.1
Portugal, Russia
to form socialist parties and unions.
Preview Questions Electricity
Key Terms
1. What was the Second Industrial
bourgeoisie, proletariat, dictatorship, Steel
Revolution?
revisionist
2. What were the chief ideas of Karl Internal-
combustion engine
Marx?
Preview of Events
✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ ✦
1845 1855 1865 1875 1885 1895 1905
1848 1875 1879 1889 1903
Marx and Engels publish Creation of German Thomas Edison The Second International Wright brothers
The Communist Manifesto Social Democratic Party invents the light bulb socialist association forms make first flight
The following
Voices from the Past
are the major
Sunshine State
Standards covered
in this section.
SS.A.3.4.8: On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi reported a remarkable discovery:
Understand the
effects of the Indus- “Shortly before mid-day I placed the single earphone to my ear and started listen-
trial Revolution. ing.... I was at last on the point of putting... my beliefs to test. The answer came at
SS.A.1.4.2: 12:30 when I heard, faintly but distinctly, pip-pip-pip.I handed the phone to Kemp:
Identify and under-
‘Can you hear anything?’ I asked. ‘Yes,’ he said, ‘the letter S’—he could hear it....
stand themes in history
that cross scientific, eco- The electric waves sent out into space from Britain had traversed the Atlantic—the
nomic, and cultural distance, enormous as it seemed then, of 1,700 miles [2,735 km] —It was an epoch in
boundaries.
history. I now felt for the first time absolutely certain the day would come when
SS.B.1.4.4: mankind would be able to send messages without wires... between the farthermost
Understand how cultural
ends of the earth.”
and technological charac-
teristics can link or divide —Eyewitness to History, John Carey, ed., 1987
regions.
Marconi’s discovery of radio waves was one of the many advances of the Second
SS.B.2.4.5:
Industrial Revolution.
Know how humans overcome
"limits to growth" imposed by
physical systems. The Second Industrial Revolution
Westerners in the late 1800s worshiped progress. At the heart of this belief in
progress was the stunning material growth produced by what is called the Second
Industrial Revolution. The first Industrial Revolution had given rise to textiles,
railroads, iron, and coal. In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals,
electricity, and petroleum led the way to new industrial frontiers.
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New Products The first major change in industry Electricity gave birth to a series of inventions.
between 1870 and 1914 was the substitution of steel The creation of the light bulb by Thomas Edison
for iron. New methods for shaping steel made it use- in the United States and Joseph Swan in Great
ful in the building of lighter, smaller, and faster Britain opened homes and cities to electric lights.
machines and engines, as well as railways, ships, and A revolution in communications began when
weapons. In 1860, Great Britain, France, Germany, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in
and Belgium produced 125,000 tons (112,500 t) of 1876 and Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio
steel. By 1913, the total was an astounding 32 million waves across the Atlantic in 1901.
tons (29 million t). By the 1880s, streetcars and subways powered by
Electricity was a major new form of energy that electricity had appeared in major European cities.
proved to be of great value. It could be easily con- Electricity transformed the factory as well. Conveyor
verted into other forms of energy, such as heat, light, belts, cranes, and machines could all be powered by
and motion, and moved easily through space by electricity. With electric lights, factories could remain
means of wires. In the 1870s, the first practical gener- open 24 hours a day.
ators of electrical current were developed. By 1910, The development of the internal-combustion
hydroelectric power stations and coal-fired steam- engine, fired by oil and gasoline, provided a new
generating plants enabled homes and factories to be source of power in transportation. This engine gave
tied to a single, common source of power. rise to ocean liners with oil-fired engines, as well
Distributor
The Automobile
Many new forms of transportation were created in the Industrial Revo-
lution, but none affected more people on a daily basis than the auto- Cylinder
mobile. It was the invention of the internal-combustion engine that made
the automobile possible. Piston
A German engineer, Gottlieb Daimler, invented a light, portable internal-
combustion engine in 1885. In 1889, Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach pro-
duced an automobile powered by a gasoline engine that reached a speed
of 10 miles [16 km] per hour. In 1926, Daimler and Karl Benz, another
German, merged to form Daimler-Benz, an automotive company that
would later manufacture the Mercedes-Benz.
Internal-combustion engine
Early cars were handmade and expensive. Only several hundred were
sold between 1893 and 1901. Their slow speed, 14 miles [22.5 km] per
hour, was a problem, too. Early models were not able to climb steep hills.
An American, Henry Ford, revolutionized the car industry in 1908 by
using an assembly line to mass-produce his Model T. Before, it had taken
a group of workers 12 hours to build a single car. Now,
the same number of workers could build a car in an
hour and a half. By cutting production costs, Ford
lowered the price of the automobile. A Model T
cost $850 in 1908 but only $360 by 1916. By 1916,
Ford’s factories were producing 735,000 cars a
year. By 1925, Ford’s Model T cars would make 1914 Ford Model T
up half of the automobiles in the world.
Analyzing Why were early cars expensive?
2001 Ford Explorer
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Industrialization of Europe by 1914
20°W 10°W 0° 10°E 20°E
NORWAY FINLAND St. Petersburg
N
SWEDEN
W Stockholm
E
S North
Sea
Atlantic a Moscow
UNITED DENMARK Se
50°N Ocean KINGDOM B altic RUSSIA
Industrial concentration:
Area London NETH. Warsaw
City Berlin
Industry: BELG. Breslau
GERMANY
Chemicals
EEOlnielg cpitnrrioeceditruyicntgion ParisSeine Danube R.Nuremberg DnieperR.
R
Steel FRANCE. Vienna
Limoges SWITZ.
AUSTRIA-
St. Etienne HUNGARY
Toulouse
L Belgrade
40°N UGA Ebro Marseille BALKANS Black Sea
RT Madrid R. Corsica ITALY
Lisbon O Barcelona
P SPAIN Rome
Constantinople
Balearic Islands Sardinia Naples Salerno
Mediterrane Sicily GREECE
a
n
0 500 miles Se
a
0 500 kilometers
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
as to the airplane and the automobile. In 1903,
Steel, electricity, and chemicals were some of the products
Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first flight in
of the Second Industrial Revolution.
a fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
1. Interpreting Maps Locate the areas shown on the
In 1919, the first regular passenger air service was
map that have the heaviest concentrations of industry.
established.
What geographic factors could have helped these areas
become heavily industrialized? FCATSC.D.2.4.1
New Patterns Industrial production grew at a
2. Applying Geography Skills Use the information pro-
rapid pace because of greatly increased sales of man-
vided in this map to create a chart that shows the type of
ufactured goods. Europeans could afford to buy
industry in each European country. FCATMA.D.1.4.1
more consumer products for several reasons. Wages
for workers increased after 1870. In addition, prices
for manufactured goods were lower because of
reduced transportation costs. Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy made
In the cities, the first department stores began to up an advanced industrialized core. These nations
sell a new range of consumer goods made possible had a high standard of living and decent systems of
by the development of the steel and electrical indus- transportation.
tries. Clocks, bicycles, electric lights, and typewriters Another part of Europe was still largely agricul-
were sold in great quantities. tural. This was the little-industrialized area to the
Not all nations benefited from the Second Indus- south and east, consisting of southern Italy, most of
trial Revolution. By 1900, Europe was divided into Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan king-
two economic zones. Great Britain, Belgium, France, doms, and Russia. These countries provided food
the Netherlands, Germany, the western part of the and raw materials for the industrial countries.
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Toward a World Economy The Second Industrial which they were based had been developed earlier by
Revolution, combined with the growth of transporta- Karl Marx.
tion by steamship and railroad, fostered a true world
economy. By 1900, Europeans were receiving beef Marx’s Theory In 1848, The Communist Manifesto
and wool from Argentina and Australia, coffee from was published. It was written by two Germans, Karl
Brazil, iron ore from Algeria, and sugar from Java. Marxand Friedrich Engels, who were appalled at the
European capital was also invested abroad to horrible conditions in factories. They blamed the sys-
develop railways, mines, electrical power plants, and tem of industrial capitalism for these conditions.
banks. Of course, foreign countries also provided Their solution was a new social system. One form of
markets for the manufactured goods of Europe. With Marxist socialism was eventually called communism
its capital, industries, and military might, Europe (see Chapter 23).
dominated the world economy by the beginning of Marx believed that all of world history was a “his-
the twentieth century. tory of class struggles.” According to Marx, oppres-
sor and oppressed have “stood in constant
Reading Check Explaining Why did Europe domi-
opposition to one another” throughout history.
nate the world economy by the beginning of the twentieth
One group of people—the oppressors—owned
century?
the means of production (land, raw materials, money,
and so forth) and thus had the power to control gov-
ernment and society. Indeed, government itself was
Organizing the Working Classes
an instrument of this ruling class. The other group,
The desire to improve their working and living con- which depended on the owners of the means of pro-
ditions led many industrial workers to form socialist duction, were the oppressed.
political parties and socialist trade unions. These In the industrialized societies of Marx’s day, the class
organizations emerged after 1870, but the theory on struggle continued. According to Marx, “society as a
May Day streets of San Salvador to demand that the government
pass laws to benefit the workers of El Salvador.
On May 1, 1997, parades and demonstrations took
Why did these marches and demonstrations occur
place around the world. Mexican workers poured into
around the world on May 1? In the nineteenth century,
the streets of Mexico City to denounce the North Amer-
the rise of socialist parties in Europe led to a movement
ican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Workers believed it
to form an international organization. The purpose of
had caused a decline in their wages. In Seoul, Korean
this organization was to strengthen the position of
workers hurled rocks at police to protest government
socialist parties against international capitalism.
corruption in South Korea. In Berlin and Leipzig, union
In 1889, leaders of various socialist parties formed
workers marched to protest high unemployment in Ger-
the Second International, a loose association of national
many. In Beijing, people filled Tiananmen Square to
groups. Its first action was to declare May 1 as May Day,
praise workers at the beginning of a three-day vacation.
an international labor day to be marked by strikes and
In Japan, two million workers attended rallies across the
mass labor demonstrations. Although the Second Inter-
country. Fifteen thousand workers marched in the
national no longer exists, workers around the world still
observe May Day.
(cid:1)
May Day rally near
St. Basil’s cathedral in
Moscow, May 1, 1997
Using outside sources, research what occurred last
May 1. Were May Day celebrations held, and if so,
where? Is May 1 still an international labor day or
has the meaning of the date changed?
CCHHAAPPTTEERR250 RMomases aSnodc itehtye Ranisde Dofe mChocrirsatciaynity
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whole is more and more splitting up into two great hos- Socialist parties also emerged in other European
tile camps, into two great classes directly facing each states. In 1889, leaders of the various socialist parties
other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.” The bourgeoisie joined together and formed the Second International,
—the middle class—were the oppressors. The an association of national socialist groups that would
proletariat—the working class—were the oppressed. fight against capitalism worldwide. (The First Inter-
Marx predicted that the struggle between the two national had failed in 1872.)
groups would finally lead to an open revolution Marxist parties were divided over their goals.
where the proletariat would violently overthrow the Pure Marxists thought that capitalism would be
bourgeoisie. After their victory, the proletariat would overthrown in a violent revolution. Other Marxists,
form a dictatorship(government in which a person or called revisionists, rejected the revolutionary
group has absolute power) to organize the means of approach and argued that workers must continue to
production. However, since the proletariat victory organize in mass political parties and even work with
would essentially abolish the economic differences other parties to gain reforms. As workers received
that create separate social classes, Marx believed that the right to vote, they could achieve their aims by
the final revolution would ultimately produce a class- working within democratic systems.
less society. The state—which had been an instru- Trade Unions Another force working for evolution-
ment of the bourgeois interests—would wither away.
ary rather than revolutionary socialism was the trade
union. In Great Britain, unions won the right to strike
Socialist Parties In time, working-class leaders
in the 1870s. (A strike is a work stoppage called by
formed socialist parties based on Marx’s ideas. Most
members of a union to pressure an employer into
important was the German Social Democratic Party
meeting their demands.) Soon after, workers in facto-
(SPD), which emerged in 1875. Under the direction of
ries were organized into trade unions so they could
its Marxist leaders, the SPD advocated revolution
use strikes to achieve reforms.
while organizing itself into a mass political party that
By 1900, there were two million workers in British
competed in elections for the German parliament.
trade unions. By 1914, there were almost four million.
Once in the parliament, SPD delegates worked to
Trade unions in the rest of Europe had varying
pass laws that would improve conditions for the
degrees of success. By 1914, however, they had made
working class.
considerable progress in bettering both the living and
Despite government efforts to destroy it, the Ger-
the working conditions of the working classes.
man Social Democratic Party grew. When it received
four million votes in the 1912 elections, it became the Reading Check Summarizing How would you sum-
largest single party in Germany. marize Marx’s theory as expressed in The Communist Mani-
festo?
Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals
1.Define bourgeoisie, proletariat, dicta- 6.Drawing Inferences Do you think 8.Compare the photos of the two Ford
torship, revisionist. there is a relationship between the vehicles on page 616. Identify the dif-
large number of technical innovations ferences and similarities.
2.Identify Thomas Edison, Alexander
made during this period and the grow-
Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi,
ing need for labor reforms and unions?
Karl Marx.
7.Compare and Contrast Use a Venn
3.Locate Netherlands, Austria-Hungary, 9.Expository Writing After Marconi’s
diagram like the one below to compare
Spain, Portugal, Russia. first transmission across radio waves,
and contrast the first and second Indus-
he said, “I now felt for the first time
4.Explain how Marx’s ideas came to trial Revolutions.
absolutely certain the day would
directly impact society.
come when mankind would be able
First Second
5.List the European nations that were still Industrial Industrial to send messages without wires. . . .”
largely agricultural in 1900. Revolution Revolution Write a paragraph about how this
was a prophecy of technology to
come.
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FCAT
Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Readingtest.
PRACTICE
Marx and Engels Proclaim
the Classless Society
IN THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO,
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels expressed
their view that a classless society would be
the end product of the struggle between the
bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
“We have seen above, that the first step in the
revolution by the working class, is to raise the prole-
tariat to the position of ruling class. . . . The prole-
tariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by
degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to central-
ize all instruments of production in the hands of the
State, i.e., of the proletariat organized as the ruling
class; and to increase the total of productive forces
as rapidly as possible. . . .
When, in the course of development, class dis-
tinctions have disappeared, and all production has
been concentrated in the whole nation, the public
power will lose its political character. Political power,
properly so called, is merely the organized power of
one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat
during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled,
German poster proclaiming “Proletarians of
by the force of circumstances, to organize itself as a the World, Unite!”
class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the
ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a
old conditions of production, then it will, along with world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”
these conditions, have swept away the conditions —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes The Communist Manifesto
generally, and will thereby have abolished its own
Analyzing Primary Sources
supremacy as a class.
In place of the old bourgeois society, with its
1.Do you agree with Marx’s definition of
classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an
political power? Why or why not?
association, in which the free development of each
is the condition for the free development of all. . . . FCATLA.A.2.4.7
The Communists disdain to conceal their views 2.Do you think Marx’s idea of a classless
and aims. They openly declare that their ends can society is realistic? Why or why not?
be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all FCATLA.A.2.4.7
existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes
tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians
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The Emergence
of Mass Society
Guide to Reading
Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy
•A varied middle class in Victorian Britain Amalie Sieveking, Florence Nightingale, Summarizing Information As you read
believed in the principles of hard work Clara Barton, Emmeline Pankhurst this section, complete a graphic organizer
and good conduct. like the one below summarizing the divi-
Places to Locate
•New opportunities for women and the sions among the social classes.
London, Frankfurt
working class improved their lives.
Social Classes
Preview Questions
Key Terms
Working Middle Wealthy
1. What were the chief characteristics
feminism, literacy
of the middle class in the nineteenth
century?
2. How did the position of women
change between 1870 and 1914?
Preview of Events
✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ ✦ ✦
1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900
1870 1881 1885 1903
British wives gain greater First publication of 10,000 people watch British Women’s Social and Political
property rights London’s Evening News Soccer Cup finals Union established
The following
Voices from the Past
are the major
Sunshine State
Standards covered
in this section.
SS.A.3.4.8:
In History of the Suffrage Movement,Sylvia Pankhurst described the efforts of
Understand the
effects of the Indus- women to enter the House of Commons to petition for the right to vote:
trial Revolution.
“Those of us who took refuge in doorways were dragged roughly down the steps
SS.A.1.4.2:
and hurled back in front of the horses. When even this failed to banish us, the foot
Identify and under-
stand themes in history constables rushed at us and, catching us fiercely by the shoulders, turned us round
that cross scientific, again and then seizing us by the back of the neck and thumping us cruelly between
economic, and cultural
the shoulders forced us at a running pace along the streets until we were far from the
boundaries.
House of Commons. They had been told to drive us away and to make as few arrests
SS.B.2.4.4:
Understand the global as possible. Still we returned, until at last sixty-five women, all of them bruised, had
impacts of human changes been taken to the police station.”
in the physical environment.
—Sources of the West, Mark A. Kishlansky, ed., 1998
SS.A.3.4.7:
Understand significant politi- The movement for women’s rights was one aspect of the new mass society.
cal developments in Europe in
the 19th century.
The New Urban Environment
By the end of the nineteenth century, the new industrial world had led to the
emergence of a mass society in which the concerns of the majority of the
population—the lower classes—were central. More and more people lived in cities.
In the early 1850s, urban dwellers made up about 40 percent of the English popula-
tion, 15 percent of the French, 10 percent of the population in Prussia (the largest
CHAPTER20 Mass Society and Democracy 621