Table Of ContentMass Dictatorship and Memory as Ever Present Past
Mass Dictatorship in the 20th Century
Series Editor: Jie-Hyun Lim, Professor of History and Director of the Research Institute of
Comparative History and Culture, Hanyang University, Seoul.
‘Mass dictatorship’ addresses the (self-) mobilization of ‘the masses’ in and for twentieth-
century dictatorships. In contrast to pre-modern despotism, mass dictatorship depends
upon its ability to entice and employ multiple forms of active participation of the
many. By appropriating modern statecraft, a ‘dictatorship from above’ transforms itself
into a ‘dictatorship from below’ - a practice of rule that builds upon people´s sustained
cooperation. This series contributes to the understanding of popular dictatorships in the
twentieth century by interrogating their conjunctures from a transnational perspective.
This transnational angle reveals that the dualist perception of a few evil perpetrators
(the dictator and his cronies) versus many innocent victims (the people), inherent
in both the totalitarian and Marxist models, does not stand up to historical scrutiny.
Replacing the Manichean presentism of Cold War paradigms, Mass Dictatorship in the
20th Century will explore ‘gender politics’, ‘modernity’, ‘everyday lives’ and ‘coming to
terms with the past’.
Building on a series of international conferences organized by the Research Institute
of Comparative History and Culture at Hanyang University, Seoul between 2003 and
2008, these books explore not only the pre-WWII dictatorships (e.g. Fascism, Nazism,
Stalinism and Japanese colonialism) but post-WWII dictatorial regimes as well, including
communist and post-colonial versions of ‘development dictatorships’ in Europe, Asia,
and Africa.
Titles include:
Jie-Hyun Lim and Karen Petrone (editors)
GENDER POLITICS AND MASS DICTATORSHIP
Global Perspectives
Jie-Hyun Lim, Barbara Walker, and Peter Lambert (editors)
MASS DICTATORSHIP AND MEMORY AS EVER PRESENT PAST
Michael Kim, Michael Schoenhals, and Yong-Woo Kim (editors)
MASS DICTATORSHIP AND MODERNITY
Alf Lüedtke (editor)
EVERYDAY LIFE IN MASS DICTATORSHIPS
Collusion and Evasion
Michael Schoenhals and Karin Sarsenov (editors)
IMAGINING MASS DICTATORSHIPS
The Individual and the Masses in Literature and Cinema
Mass Dictatorship in the 20th Century
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–30072–9 (Hardback)
978–0–230–30073–6 (Paperback)
(outside North America only)
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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
Mass Dictatorship
and Memory as
Ever Present Past
Edited by
Jie- Hyun Lim
Professor of History and Director, Research Institute of Comparative History and
Culture, Hanyang University, Seoul
Barbara Walker
Associate P rofessor of History, University of Nevada, Reno
and
Peter Lambert
Lecturer in Modern European History, Aberystwyth University
Editorial matter and selection © Jie-H yun Lim, Barbara Walker and Peter
Lambert 2014
All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-28982-7
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First published 2014 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-45031-2 ISBN 978-1-137-28983-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137289834
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Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Acknowledgements viii
Notes on Contributors ix
1 Introduction: Coming to Terms with the
Past of Mass Dictatorship 1
Jie-Hyun Lim and Peter Lambert
Part I Entangled Memory and Comparative History
2 The Predicaments of Culture: War, Dictatorship and
Modernity in Early Post- W ar West Germany and Japan 17
Sebastian Conrad
3 Victimhood Nationalism in the Memory of
Mass Dictatorship 36
Jie- H yun Lim
4 Creating a Victimised Nation: The Politics of
the Austrian People’s Courts and High Treason 62
Hiroko Mizuno
Part II The Dialectical Interplay of History and Memory
5 Ukraine Faces Its Soviet Past: History versus Policy
versus Memory 87
Volodymyr V. Kravchenko
6 History and Responsibility: On the Debates
on the Shoˉwa History 120
Naoki Sakai
7 Widukind or Karl der Große? Perspectives on
Historical Culture and Memory in the Third Reich
and Post- War West Germany 139
Peter Lambert
v
vi Contents
Part III Pluralizing Memories: Fragmented, Contested,
Resisted
8 The Suppression and Recall of Colonial Memory:
Manchukuo and the Cold War in the Two Koreas 165
Suk- J ung Han
9 Accomplices of Violence: Guilt and Purification
through Altruism among the Moscow Human Rights
Activists of the 1960s and 1970s 180
Barbara Walker
10 Consuming Fragments of Mao Zedong: The Chairman’s
Final Two Decades at the Helm 204
Michael Schoenhals
11 The Lived Space of Recollection: How Holocaust
Memorials are Conceived Differently Today 223
Jörg H. Gleiter
Index 240
List of Illustrations
11.1 Memorial against Fascism, War and Violence – and For
Peace and Human Rights by Ester Shalev- Gerz and
Jochen Gerz, Hamburg- H arburg 1988–1993 224
11.2 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock
and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 225
11.3 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock
and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 226
11.4 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock
and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 227
11.5 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock
and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 227
11.6 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock
and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 228
11.7 Monument: Places of Remembrance by Frieder Schnock
and Renata Stih, Berlin 1993 229
11.8 Stumbling Blocks by Gunter Demnig, Berlin 230
11.9 Memorial for the Jewish Deportees by Peter Herbich,
Theseus Bappert and Jürgen Wenzel, Berlin 1988 231
11.10 Memorial for the Jewish Deportees by Peter Herbich,
Theseus Bappert and Jürgen Wenzel, Berlin 1988 232
vii
Acknowledgements
This book, the third volume of the Mass Dictatorship series, owes its
writing to the ‘Mass Dictatorship as Ever Present Past’ conference
hosted by Jie- Hyun Lim at Hanyang University between 27 June 2008
and 29 June 2008. Focusing on the politics and remembrances of and
under mass dictatorship, the conference was designed as the culmina-
tion of six consecutive ‘Mass Dictatorship’ conferences organised by the
Research Institute of Comparative History (RICH) between 2003 and
2008. ‘Global Perspectives on the Study of Dictatorship from Below’
was the underlying theme of the Mass Dictatorship Project, and this
volume is no exception. Most of the contributions to this volume were
presented as papers at the conference and are the products of the lively
discussions that took place there.
I am grateful to the National Research Foundation in Korea, which
funded the Mass Dictatorship Project for six years. I would also like to
thank my co- e ditors, Barbara Walker and Peter Lambert. Many of the
contributions to this volume were penned by authors from the non-
English speaking world, and I am very grateful to Barbara and Peter for
their scholarly expertise and painstaking editorial work in producing
this collected work. I am particularly indebted to this volume’s copy-
editor, Jenny Wang Medina, for finalising the manuscript with great
professionalism and keen scholarly eyes. I would also like to express my
very special thanks to Jenny McCall and Holly Tyler at Palgrave for their
professional support and kind concern. Last but not least, I would like
to thank all of the participants in the Mass Dictatorship Project from
various corners of the world and the project researchers, fellows and
staff at RICH. I have had the utmost privilege of spending six years on
the Mass Dictatorship Project with all of them.
Finally, I must confess that the extraordinary experience of living
through dictatorships of both rightist and leftist camps on the Korean
peninsula and in the People’s Poland was the inspiring and driving
force of the Mass Dictatorship Project. I hope that the five volumes
of the Mass Dictatorship series will provide scholarly empathy to all
those people who suffered and are still suffering from the dictatorial
past and present.
Jie- Hyun Lim, Seoul, 2013
viii
Notes on Contributors
Sebastian Conrad holds the chair of Modern History at Freie Universität
Berlin where he has taught since 2010. He is interested in issues of
colonial and postcolonial history, transnationalism and global his-
tory, and directs the MA programme in Global History (a joint degree
programme of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität, Berlin). He
has taught at the European University Institute in Florence and was
a visiting professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
in Paris. Most recently he published ‘Enlightenment in Global History:
A Historiographical Critique’, American Historical Review vol. 117 (2012),
999–1027. He is the author of German Colonialism: A Short History
(Cambridge University Press, 2012); Globalisation and the Nation in
Imperial Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and The Quest for
the Lost Nation: Writing History in Germany and Japan in the American
Century (California University Press, 2010).
Jörg H. Gleiter (*1960, Prof. Dr.- Ing. habil., M. S.) is an architect and
chair of architectural theory at the Berlin Institute of Technology (TU
Berlin). He has studied architecture in Berlin (TU Berlin, Dipl.- I ng.
1989), IUAV (Istituto Universitario di architettura di Venezia) and
Columbia University in New York (M.S. in Advanced Architectural
Design, 1992). He holds a Ph.D. in architectural theory (2002) and
a habilitation in philosophy of architecture (2007), both from Bauhaus-
Universität Weimar. In 2003 and 2008, he was a fellow in residence at
Kolleg Friedrich Nietzsche in Weimar. He held positions as a professor
of aesthetics at Free University of Bozen- Bolzano in Italy (2005–2012),
as deputy professor of Design and architectural theory at Bauhaus-
Universität Weimar (2005–2007), as visiting professor of philosophy of
architecture at Waseda University in Tokyo (2003–2005), and as visiting
professor at Venice International University in Venice (2003). In 2008,
he founded the book series ArchitekturDenken. Among his books on
architectural theory and aesthetics are Ornament Today: Digital, Material,
Structural (ed., Bozen- Bolzano, 2012, in English); Urgeschichte der Moderne
(Prehistory of Modernity) (Bielefeld, 2010); Der philosophische Flaneur.
Nietzsche und die Architektur (The Philosophical Flaneur – Nietzsche and
Architecture) (Würzburg, 2009); Architekturtheorie heute (Architecture Theory
Today) (Bielefeld, 2008). www.architekturtheorie.tu-b erlin.de.
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