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MASONRY
INSTANT ANSWERS
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MASONRY
INSTANT ANSWERS
Rochelle C. Jaffe
McGRAW-HILL
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DOI: 10.1036/0071433406
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To Bob, who makes it all possible.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
ROCHELLE C. JAFFE
Ms. Jaffe is a licensed architect and a licensed structural engineer.
She is also certified as a construction specifier (by the Construction
Specification Institute) and as a special inspector of structural
masonry (by the International Conference of Building Officials). As a
Senior Project Consultant with NTH Consultants, Ltd., in Farming-
ton Hills, Michigan, Ms. Jaffe specializes in investigation, evaluation,
and rehabilitation of existing, deteriorated, and damaged masonry
structures, and has over 20 years’ experience in this field.
Ms. Jaffe is a member of the American Concrete Institute (ACI)
and the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). As an active
member of The Masonry Society (TMS), she is a former member of
the Board of Directors and former editor of the Journal, serves on
the Design Practices Committee, and is current chairperson of the
Architectural Practices Committee. Her active participation in the
ACI/ASCE/TMS Masonry Standards Joint Committee, the group that
authors the Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
(ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402) and the Specification for Masonry
Structures (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602), includes serving as a for-
mer chair of the Stone Cladding Subcommittee.
Ms. Jaffe has authored or co-authored magazine articles and
texts, as well as numerous technical reports related to investigations
of masonry structures with material and architectural or structural
deficiencies. She has spoken at a variety of seminars and other tech-
nical functions.
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CONTENTS
Introduction xi
Acknowledgments xiii
List of Tables xv
List of Figures xxi
PART I: MATERIALS AND TESTING
Chapter 1: Masonry Units....................................................1
Clay Units......................................................................................1
Clay Bricks ................................................................................2
Glazed Bricks ............................................................................7
Clay Pavers................................................................................9
Clay Unit Testing ....................................................................13
Concrete Units ............................................................................16
Concrete Bricks........................................................................16
Concrete Blocks ......................................................................18
Prefaced Concrete Units..........................................................22
Concrete Pavers......................................................................23
Concrete Unit Testing..............................................................26
Stone Masonry Units....................................................................28
Stone Types............................................................................28
Stone Testing..........................................................................31
Chapter 2: Mortar and Grout ............................................35
Mortar and Grout Component Materials......................................37
Cementitious Materials............................................................37
Aggregates..............................................................................40
Admixtures..............................................................................45
Mortar ........................................................................................50
Grout ..........................................................................................59
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viii Masonry Instant Answers
Chapter 3: Reinforcement..................................................65
Steel Reinforcing Bars ..................................................................65
Welded Wire Fabric......................................................................72
Joint Reinforcement......................................................................77
Chapter 4: The Masonry Assembly....................................83
Compressive Strength..................................................................87
Bond Strength..............................................................................92
ASTM C 952............................................................................92
ASTM C 1072..........................................................................94
ASTM C 1357..........................................................................95
ASTM E 518............................................................................96
Water Permeance ........................................................................97
Quality Assurance......................................................................102
PART II: CONSTRUCTION
Chapter 5: Installation of Masonry Units ......................107
Planning....................................................................................107
Unit Preparation ........................................................................116
Masonry Unit Bonding ..............................................................119
Movement Joints........................................................................128
Tolerances..................................................................................133
Chapter 6: Mortar and Grout Installation......................139
Mortar Placement in New Construction Head Joints
and Bed Joints........................................................................140
Mortar Placement in Existing Construction Head Joints
and Bed Joints........................................................................147
Collar Joint Mortaring................................................................152
Grout Placement........................................................................154
Chapter 7: Placement of Reinforcement, Ties/Anchors,
and Flashing ..................................................................163
Steel Reinforcing Bars ................................................................164
Maximum Reinforcent Bar Size..............................................164
