Marsupial Frogs: Gastrotheca and Allied Genera

427 Pages·2015·23.14 MB·English

by  William E. Duellman

Marsupial Frogs
FPO
Marsupial Frogs

Gastrotheca & Allied Genera
William E. Duellman
With Osteology by Linda Trueb
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS | baltimore
This book was brought to publication with the generous assistance
of the National Science Foundation.
© 2015 Johns Hopkins University Press
All rights reserved. Published 2015
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data
Duellman, William Edward, 1930–
Marsupial frogs: Gastrotheca and allied genera / William E.
Duellman ; with osteology by Linda Trueb.
(cid:3)(cid:3)pages cm
(cid:3)Includes bibliographical references and index.
(cid:3) ISBN 978-1-4214-1675-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-1-4214-1676-2 (electronic) —
ISBN 1-4214-1675-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) —
ISBN 1-4214-1676-X (electronic)
 1. Gastrotheca. 2. Frogs. I. Title.
(cid:3)QL668.E237D84 2015
(cid:3)597.8'9—dc23(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)2014033487
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Frontispiece: One of the “tree- top boppers,” Gastrotheca cornuta,
perched on a limb along the Río Jordonal, Coclé Province, Panama.
Photo by D. C. Barker on 25 November 1984, University of Kansas
Digital Archives, Division of Herpetology, Biodiversity Institute,
University of Kansas.
Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For
more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or
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Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book
materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least
30 percent post- consumer waste, whenever possible.
To Linda
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface(cid:2)xi
Acknowledgments(cid:2)xiii
1 Introduction 1
Material and Methods 2
Literature Cited 10
2 The Place of Hemiphractids in Anuran Phylogeny 14
Morphological Phylogenetic Analyses 14
Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses 16
Literature Cited 20
3 Phylogeny and Classifi cation 22
Phylogenetic Relationships 22
Classifi cation 26
Vernacular Names 29
Literature Cited 29
4 Osteology, by linda trueb 31
Allies of Marsupial Frogs 32
Cranial Osteology of Gastrotheca 36
Characterization of Gastrotheca 45
Literature Cited 50
5 External Morphological Features 52
Adult Frogs 52
Tadpoles 62
Literature Cited 63
6 Chromosomes, Muscles, and Vocalization 64
Chromosomes 64
Throat Musculature 67
Vocalization 69
Literature Cited 72
7 Reproductive Biology 73
Mating and Oviposition 75
The Brood Pouch 78
Embryonic Development 78
Embryonic Respiration 82
viii Contents
Hatching 84
Larvae 86
Evolution of Reproduction and Development 87
Literature Cited 91
8 Biogeography 94
History of South America 94
Evolutionary History of Hemiphractidae 97
Present Distributions 100
Habitats of Hemiphractid Frogs 101
Literature Cited 104
9 Genera of Hemiphractidae 107
Family Hemiphractidae(cid:3)107
Key to Genera(cid:3)108
Cryptobatrachus(cid:3)108
Flectonotus(cid:3)110
Hemiphractus(cid:3)111
Fritziana(cid:3)113
Stefania(cid:3)114
Gastrotheca(cid:3)117
Literature Cited 118
10 Basal subgenera of Gastrotheca 121
Subgenus Eotheca(cid:3)121
Key to Species(cid:3)122
Gastrotheca (Eotheca) fi ssipes(cid:3)122
Gastrotheca (Eotheca) fl amma(cid:3)126
Gastrotheca (Eotheca) megacephala(cid:3)128
Gastrotheca (Eotheca) prasina(cid:3)131
Gastrotheca (Eotheca) pulchra(cid:3)135
Gastrotheca (Eotheca) recava(cid:3)137
Subgenus Cryptotheca(cid:3)140
Key to Species(cid:3)141
Gastrotheca (Cryptotheca) walkeri(cid:3)141
Gastrotheca (Cryptotheca) williamsoni(cid:3)145
Subgenus Amphignathodon(cid:3)146
Key to Species(cid:3)149
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) andaquiensis(cid:3)149
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) angustifrons(cid:3)154
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) antomia(cid:3)157
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) bufona(cid:3)160
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) cornuta(cid:3)163
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) dendronastes(cid:3)169
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) guentheri(cid:3)173
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) helenae(cid:3)178
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) longipes(cid:3)182
Gastrotheca (Amphignathodon) weinlandii(cid:3)185
Subgenus Australotheca(cid:3)191
Key to Species(cid:3)192
Gastrotheca (Australotheca) albolineata(cid:3)191
Gastrotheca (Australotheca) ernestoi(cid:3)195
Gastrotheca (Australotheca) fulvorufa(cid:3)200
Contents(cid:2)(cid:2)ix
Gastrotheca (Australotheca) microdiscus(cid:3)203
Subgenus Opisthodelphys(cid:3)206
Gastrotheca (Opisthodelphys) ovifera(cid:3)206
Subgenus Edaphotheca(cid:3)210
Gastrotheca (Edaphotheca) galeata(cid:3)211
Literature Cited 214
11 Andean Species of Subgenus Duellmania 217
Subgenus Duellmania(cid:3)217
Key to Species(cid:3)218
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) argenteovirens(cid:3)219
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) aureomaculata(cid:3)224
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) dunni(cid:3)229
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) dysprosita(cid:3)231
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) espeletia(cid:3)234
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) litonedis(cid:3)237
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) lojana(cid:3)240
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) monticola(cid:3)244
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) nicefori(cid:3)249
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) orophylax(cid:3)256
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) plumbea(cid:3)260
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) riobambae(cid:3)263
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) ruizi(cid:3)272
Gastrotheca (Duellmania) trachyceps(cid:3)275
Literature Cited 279
12 Andean Species of Subgenus Gastrotheca 281
Subgenus Gastrotheca(cid:3)281
Key to Species(cid:3)282
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) abdita(cid:3)284
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) aguaruna(cid:3)286
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) antoniiochoai(cid:3)290
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) aratia(cid:3)293
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) atympana(cid:3)296
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) caeruleomaculata(cid:3)298
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) carinaceps(cid:3)301
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) christiani(cid:3)303
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) chrysosticta(cid:3)308
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) excubitor(cid:3)311
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) gracilis(cid:3)315
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) griswoldi(cid:3)319
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) lateonota(cid:3)322
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) marsupiata(cid:3)326
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) nebulanastes(cid:3)334
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) ochoai(cid:3)338
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) ossilaginis(cid:3)342
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) pacchamama(cid:3)344
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) pachachacae(cid:3)348
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) peruana(cid:3)351
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) phalarosa(cid:3)357
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) phelloderma(cid:3)360
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) piperata(cid:3)363
Gastrotheca (Gastrotheca) pseustes(cid:3)369