Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Plants

817 Pages·2022·35.7 MB·English

by  Zed Rengel, Ismail Cakmak, Philip White

Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Plants
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Marschner’s Mineral
Nutrition of Plants
Fourth Edition
Edited by
Zed Rengel
UWA School of Agriculture and Environment,
University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Ismail Cakmak
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
Philip J. White
Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Contents
Listofcontributors xiii 2.5 Factorsinfluencingionuptakebyroots 29
Abouttheeditors xv 2.5.1 Influxtotheapoplasm 29
Foreword xvii 2.5.2 EffectsofpH 30
2.5.3 Metabolicactivity 32
2.5.4 Interactionsamongionsinthe
Part I
rhizosphere 33
Nutritional physiology 1 2.5.5 Externalconcentration 40
2.5.6 Plantnutritionalstatus 41
2.5.7 Studyingnutritionatconstant
1 Introduction, definition, and
tissueconcentration 45
classification of nutrients 3
2.6 Uptakeofionsandwateralongthe
ErnestA.Kirkby rootaxis 47
2.7 Radialtransportofionsandwater
Summary 3
acrosstheroot 49
1.1 General 3
2.8 Releaseofionsintothexylem 53
1.2 Essentialelementsforplantgrowth 4
2.9 Factorsgoverningionreleaseintothe
1.3 Beneficialelementsforplantgrowth 5
xylemandexudationrate 53
1.4 Anewdefinitionofamineralplant
References 56
nutrient 6
1.5 Biochemicalpropertiesandphysiological
functionsofnutrientelementsinplants 6
1.6 Variationintheangiospermionome 7 3 Long-distance transport in the
References 8 xylem and phloem 73
Furtherreading 9
PhilipJ.WhiteandGuangdaDing
Summary 73
2 Ion-uptake mechanisms of
3.1 General 73
individual cells and roots: 3.2 Xylemtransport 74
short-distance transport 11 3.2.1 Compositionofthexylemsap 74
3.2.2 Xylemloading 76
DevrimCoskunandPhilipJ.White
3.2.3 Effectoftranspirationrateon
Summary 11 solutetransportinthexylem 82
2.1 General 11 3.2.4 Effectoftranspirationrateon
2.2 Pathwayofsolutesfromtheexternal distributionofelementswithinthe
solutionintorootcells 12 shoot 83
2.2.1 Influxtotheapoplasm 12 3.3 Phloemtransport 84
2.2.2 Passageintothecytoplasm 14 3.3.1 Principlesofphloemtransport
2.3 Compositionofbiologicalmembranes 15 andphloemanatomy 84
2.4 Solutetransportacrossmembranes 18 3.3.2 Phloemloadingandthe
2.4.1 Thermodynamicsofsolutetransport 18 compositionofphloemsap 86
2.4.2 Energydemandforsolute 3.3.3 Mobilityinthephloem 88
transport 25 3.3.4 Transferbetweenthexylemand
2.4.3 Thekineticsofsolutetransportin phloem 88
plantroots 25 3.3.5 Phloemunloading 89
v
vi Contents
3.4 Relativeimportanceofphloemand 5.2 Relationshipsbetweennutrient
xylemforlong-distancetransportof supplyandyield 132
nutrients 89 5.3 Photosyntheticactivityandrelated
3.4.1 General 89 processes 133
3.4.2 Nutrientswithhighphloemmobility 89 5.3.1 Photosyntheticenergyflowand
3.4.3 Nutrientswithlowphloemmobility 90 photophosphorylation 133
3.4.4 Re-translocationandcyclingof 5.3.2 Photoinhibitionand
nutrients 91 photooxidation 135
3.5 Remobilizationofnutrients 93 5.3.3 Carbondioxideassimilation
3.5.1 General 93 andphotorespiration 137
3.5.2 Seedgermination 93 5.3.4 C pathwayofphotosynthesis
4
3.5.3 Vegetativestage 93 andCrassulaceanacid
3.5.4 Reproductivestage 94 metabolism 140
3.5.5 Perennials 97 5.3.5 Effectofleafmaturationonits
References 97 sink(cid:1)sourcetransition 143
5.3.6 Leafsenescence 144
5.3.7 Feedbackregulationof
4 Uptake and release of elements by
photosynthesisbysinkdemand
leaves and other aerial plant parts 105
forcarbohydrates 147
ThomasEichertandVictoriaFerna´ndez 5.3.8 Nutritionandphotosynthesis 148
5.4 Photosyntheticarea 151
Summary 105
5.4.1 Individualleafarea 151
4.1 General 105
5.4.2 Leafareaperplant 152
4.2 Uptakeandreleaseofgasesandother
5.4.3 Canopyleafarea(leafarea
volatilecompoundsthroughstomata 106
indexandleafareaduration) 153
4.2.1 Volatilenitrogencompounds 106
5.5 Respirationandoxidative
4.2.2 Volatilesulfurcompounds 107
phosphorylation 154
4.3 Uptakeofsolutes 107
5.6 Transportofassimilatesinphloem
4.3.1 General 107
anditsregulation 156
4.3.2 Structureofthecuticle 108
5.6.1 Phloemloadingofassimilates 156
4.3.3 Nutrientuptakethroughthecuticle 109
5.6.2 Mechanismofphloemtransport
4.3.4 Uptakethroughstomata 110
ofassimilates 159
4.3.5 Roleofexternalfactors 111
5.6.3 Phloemunloading 160
4.4 Foliarapplicationofnutrients 114
5.7 Sinkformation 161
4.4.1 General 114
5.7.1 Shootarchitecturefor
4.4.2 Practicalimportanceoffoliar
grain/seedyieldformation 162
applicationofnutrients 115
5.7.2 Flowerinitiationand
4.4.3 Foliarfertilizersforpestand
development 163
diseasecontrol 118
5.7.3 Pollinationandseed
4.4.4 Foliaruptakeandirrigationmethods 118
development 165
4.5 Leachingofelementsfromleaves 119
5.7.4 Formationofvegetativesink
4.6 Ecologicalimportanceoffoliaruptake
organs 167
andleaching 119
5.8 Sinkactivity 168
4.6.1 Foliarleaching 119
5.9 Roleofphytohormonesinthe
4.6.2 Foliarwaterabsorption 120
regulationofthesink(cid:1)source
References 121
relationships 170
5.9.1 Structure,sitesofbiosynthesis,
5 Mineral nutrition, yield, and andmaineffectsof
(cid:1)
source sink relationships 131 phytohormones 171
5.9.2 Phytohormones,signalperception,
ErnestKirkby,MiroslavNikolic,
andsignaltransduction 175
PhilipJ.White,andGuohuaXu
5.9.3 Effectsofnutritiononthe
Summary 131 endogenousconcentrationsof
5.1 General 131 phytohormones 177
Contents vii
5.9.4 Phytohormonesandsinkaction 181 6.5.3 Cellwallstabilization 244
5.10 Sourceandsinklimitationsonyield 183 6.5.4 Cellextensionandsecretory
References 185 processes 244
6.5.5 Membranestabilization 245
6.5.6 Cation(cid:1)anionbalanceand
6 Functions of macronutrients 201 osmoregulation 245
6.5.7 Calciumasanintracellular
MalcolmJ.Hawkesford,IsmailCakmak,
secondmessenger 246
DevrimCoskun,LuitJ.DeKok,HansLambers,
6.5.8 Calciumasasystemicsignal 247
JanK.Schjoerring,andPhilipJ.White
6.5.9 Calciumsupply,plantgrowth,
Summary 201 andplantcomposition 248
6.1 Nitrogen 201 6.6 Potassium 249
6.1.1 Nitratetransportinplants 202 6.6.1 General 249
6.1.2 Ammoniumtransportintoand 6.6.2 Compartmentationandcellular
withinplants 206 concentrations 250
6.1.3 OrganicNuptake 208 6.6.3 Enzymeactivation 250
6.1.4 Nitrogenassimilation 208 6.6.4 Proteinsynthesis 252
6.1.5 Nitrogensupply,plantgrowth, 6.6.5 Photosynthesis 252
andcomposition 215 6.6.6 Osmoregulation 254
6.1.6 Nitrogen-useefficiency 218 6.6.7 Phloemtransport 257
6.2 Sulfur 219 6.6.8 Energytransfer 258
6.2.1 General 219 6.6.9 Cation(cid:1)anionbalance 258
6.2.2 Sulfateuptake,reduction,and 6.6.10 Stressresistance 258
assimilation 220 6.6.11 Potassiumsupply,plantgrowth,
6.2.3 MetabolicfunctionsofS 221 andplantcomposition 260
6.2.4 Sulfursupply,plantgrowth, References 260
andplantcomposition 224
6.3 Phosphorus 226
6.3.1 General 226 7 Micronutrients 283
6.3.2 Phosphorusasastructural
IsmailCakmak,PatrickBrown,
element 227
Jose´ M.Colmenero-Flores,SørenHusted,
6.3.3 Roleinenergytransfer 228
BaharY.Kutman,MiroslavNikolic´,ZedRengel,
6.3.4 Compartmentationandregulatory
SidselB.Schmidt,andFang-JieZhao
roleofinorganicphosphate 229
6.3.5 Phosphorusfractionsandthe Summary 283
roleofphytate 232 7.1 Iron 283
6.3.6 Phosphorussupply,plantgrowth, 7.1.1 General 283
andplantcomposition 234 7.1.2 Iron-containingconstituents
6.4 Magnesium 235 ofredoxsystems 284
6.4.1 General 235 7.1.3 OtherFe-requiringenzymes 287
6.4.2 Bindingform,compartmentation, 7.1.4 Chloroplastdevelopmentand
andhomeostasis 235 photosynthesis 287
6.4.3 Chlorophyllandproteinsynthesis 235 7.1.5 Localizationandbindingstate
6.4.4 Enzymeactivation, ofFe 290
phosphorylation,and 7.1.6 RootresponsestoFedeficiency 291
photosynthesis 236 7.1.7 Irondeficiencyandtoxicity 293
6.4.5 Carbohydratepartitioning 238 7.2 Manganese 294
6.4.6 Magnesiumsupply,plantgrowth, 7.2.1 General 294
andcomposition 240 7.2.2 Mn-containingenzymes 294
6.5 Calcium 241 7.2.3 ThefunctionalroleofMnin
6.5.1 General 241 photosynthesis 294
6.5.2 Bindingformand 7.2.4 Manganeseinsuperoxide
compartmentation 241 dismutase 296
viii Contents
7.2.5 Manganeseinoxalateoxidase 297 7.8.2 Uptake,transport,and
7.2.6 OtherMn-dependentenzymes 297 homeostasis 350
7.2.7 Proteins,carbohydrates,and 7.8.3 Chargebalance 352
lipids 297 7.8.4 Photosynthesisandchloroplast
7.2.8 Celldivisionandextension 299 performance 352
7.2.9 Manganesedeficiency 299 7.8.5 Cellosmoregulationandturgor 353
7.2.10 Manganesetoxicity 301 7.8.6 Plantwaterbalanceandwater
7.3 Copper 302 relations 354
7.3.1 General 302 7.8.7 Interactionwithnitrate 355
7.3.2 Copperuptakeandtransport 302 7.8.8 Chloridesupply,deficiency,
7.3.3 Copperproteins 303 plantgrowth,andcropyield 356
7.3.4 Carbohydrate,lipid,andN 7.8.9 Chlorinetoxicity 357
metabolism 305 7.8.10 Chlorineasmicro-and
7.3.5 Lignification 306 macronutrient-concluding
7.3.6 Pollenformationandfertilization 307 remarks 358
7.3.7 Copperdeficiencyandtoxicity 308 References 359
7.4 Zinc 310
7.4.1 General 310
8 Beneficial elements 387
7.4.2 Zn-containingenzymes 310
7.4.3 Zn-activatedenzymes 313 JianFengMa,Fang-JieZhao,
7.4.4 Proteinsynthesis 314 ZedRengel,andIsmailCakmak
7.4.5 Carbohydratemetabolism 315
Summary 387
7.4.6 Tryptophanandindoleacetic
8.1 Definition 387
acidsynthesis 316
8.2 Sodium 387
7.4.7 Membraneintegrityandlipid
8.2.1 General 387
peroxidation 317
8.2.2 Essentiality:Naasnutrient 388
7.4.8 Phosphorus-zincinteractions 318
8.2.3 RoleinC species 389
7.4.9 Zincformsandbioavailability 4
8.2.4 SubstitutionofKbyNa 391
ingrains 320
8.2.5 GrowthstimulationbyNa 393
7.4.10 Zincdeficiencyandtoxicity 321
8.2.6 ApplicationofNafertilizers 396
7.5 Nickel 323
8.3 Silicon 397
7.5.1 General 323
8.3.1 General 397
7.5.2 Ni-containingenzymes 324
8.3.2 Uptake,concentration,and
7.5.3 RoleofNiinNmetabolism 325
distribution 397
7.5.4 Nickelconcentrationinplants 327
8.3.3 Beneficialeffects 399
7.5.5 Nickeldeficiencyandtoxicity 327
8.4 Cobalt 402
7.5.6 TolerancetoNitoxicity 328
8.4.1 RoleofCoinplants 402
7.6 Molybdenum 328
8.4.2 Cobaltdeficiencyandtoxicity 403
7.6.1 General 328
8.5 Selenium 405
7.6.2 Molybdenumuptakeandtransport 329
8.5.1 General 405
7.6.3 Nitrogenase 329
8.5.2 Uptakeandtranslocation 405
7.6.4 Nitratereductase 330
8.5.3 Assimilationandmetabolism 407
7.6.5 OtherMo-containingenzymes 331
8.5.4 Beneficialeffectsonplantgrowth 409
7.6.6 Grossmetabolicchanges 333
8.5.5 Biofortification 409
7.6.7 Molybdenumdeficiencyand
8.6 Aluminum 410
toxicity 334
8.7 Otherelements 411
7.7 Boron 336
References 411
7.7.1 General 336
7.7.2 Boroncomplexeswithorganic
structures 338 9 Mineral nutrition and crop quality 419
7.7.3 FunctionofB 339
UmitBarisKutman
7.7.4 Borondeficiencyandtoxicity 347
7.8 Chlorine 350 Summary 419
7.8.1 General 350 9.1 Introduction 419
Contents ix
9.2 Technicalquality 420 11 Diagnosis and prediction of
9.2.1 Breadandpasta 420 deficiency and toxicityof nutrients 477
9.2.2 Sugarandoilcrops 421
RichardBell
9.2.3 Fibercrops 422
9.2.4 Processingtomatoes 422 Summary 477
9.2.5 Beerandwine 423 11.1 General 477
9.3 Sensoryquality 423 11.2 Toolsfordiagnosisofnutrient
9.3.1 Effectsofmineralnutritionon disorders 478
visualquality 423 11.2.1 Fieldresponsestonutrient
9.3.2 Effectsofmineralnutritionon supply 478
flavor 425 11.2.2 Diagnosisofnutritional
9.4 Nutritionalquality 426 disordersbyvisiblesymptoms 478
9.4.1 Mineralnutrients,hiddenhunger, 11.2.3 PlantAnalysis 480
andbiofortification 427 11.3 Plantanalysisforprognosisof
9.4.2 Proteinconcentrationandamino nutrientdeficiency 489
acidcomposition 429 11.4 Plantanalysisversussoilanalysis 490
9.4.3 Vitaminsandbioactive References 491
phytochemicals 430
9.5 Shelflifeoffreshfruitsandvegetables 431
9.6 Foodsafety 432
Part II
9.6.1 Toxicelements 432
(cid:1)
9.6.2 HarmfulNcompounds 434 Plant soil relationships 497
9.7 Theyield-qualitydilemma 435
References 436 12 Nutrient availability in soils 499
PetraMarschnerandZedRengel
10 Relationship between mineral
nutrition, plant diseases, and pests 445 Summary 499
12.1 General 499
MarkusWeinmann,Kla´raBrada´cˇova´,and 12.2 Chemicalsoilanalysis 499
MiroslavNikolic 12.3 Movementofnutrientstotheroot
surface 501
Summary 445
12.3.1 Principlesofcalculations 501
10.1 General 445
12.3.2 Concentrationofnutrients
10.2 Relationshipbetweensusceptibility
inthesoilsolution 502
andnutritionalstatusofplants 447
12.3.3 Roleofmassflow 503
10.3 Fungaldiseases 449
12.3.4 Roleofdiffusion 504
10.3.1 Principlesofinfection 449
12.4 Roleofrootdensity 509
10.3.2 RoleofSi 450
12.5 Nutrientavailabilityanddistribution
10.3.3 RoleofNandK 452
ofwaterinsoils 511
10.3.4 RoleofCaandMg 453
12.6 Roleofsoilstructure 513
10.3.5 Roleofphosphateandphosphite 455
12.7 Intensity/quantityratio,plantfactors,
10.3.6 RoleofS 455
andconsequencesforsoiltesting 514
10.3.7 RoleofMn 455
12.7.1 Modelingofnutrientavailability
10.3.8 Roleofothermicronutrients 456
andcropnutrientuptake 515
10.4 Bacterialandviraldiseases 457
References 516
10.4.1 Bacterialdiseases 457
10.4.2 Viraldiseases 457
10.5 Soil-bornefungalandbacterial
13 Genetic and environmental
diseases 458
10.6 Pests 461 regulation of root growth and
10.7 Directandindirecteffectsof development 523
fertilizerapplicationonplantsand
PengYuandFrankHochholdinger
theirpathogensandpests 464
References 467 Summary 523