Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins, and porpoises : a world handbook for cetacean habitat conservation

520 Pages·2005·5.955 MB·English

by  Erich Hoyt

M P A W ,
ARINE ROTECTED REAS FOR HALES
D P
OLPHINS AND ORPOISES
This book is dedicated to those who work on behalf of cetaceans and marine
ecosystems, and to those who cannot speak, write and argue for their place in
the sea:the whales,dolphins and porpoises and other marine species
‘There is a tide in the affairs of men, which taken at the flood leads on to
fortune… The flood is occurring regarding the high seas’
Graeme Kelleher (paraphrasing William Shakespeare in Julius Caesar)
saying that now is the time to create and fight for high-seas
marine protected areas
M P A W ,
ARINE ROTECTED REAS FOR HALES
D P
OLPHINS AND ORPOISES
A World Handbook for Cetacean Habitat
Conservation
Erich Hoyt
London • Sterling,VA
First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005
Copyright © Erich Hoyt,2005
All rights reserved
ISBN: 1-84407-064-6 paperback
1-84407-063-8 hardback
Typesetting by MapSet Ltd,Gateshead,UK
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press Ltd,Trowbridge,Wiltshire
Cover design by Anthony Waters
Cover photo:Sperm whale off Kamchatka,Russia,© Hal Sato,Far East Russia
Orca Project (WDCS)
Maps:Lesley Frampton
Illustrations:© Pieter Arend Folkens/A Higher Porpoise Design Group
For a full list of publications please contact:
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Earthscan publishes in association with WWF-UK and the International Institute for
Environment and Development
The royalties from sales of this book will go toward the MPA work of WDCS,the
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hoyt,Erich.
Marine protected areas for whales,dolphins,and porpoises :a world handbook for
cetacean habitat conservation / by Erich Hoyt.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-84407-063-8 (hardback) – ISBN 1-84407-064-6 (pbk.)
1.Cetacean–Conservation.2.Cetacea–Habitat.3.Marine parks and reserves.I.
Title.
QL737.C4H675 2005
333.95''95–dc22
2004016778
This book is printed on elemental chlorine-free paper
C
ONTENTS
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
List of Boxes and Case Studies x
Acknowledgements xi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiv
PROLOGUE xix
INTRODUCTION 1
1 OCEAN SANCTUARIES,MARINE RESERVES OR PARKS? 14
History of marine protected areas and cetaceans 14
Ocean sanctuaries,marine reserves or parks – which one and why? 18
Biosphere reserves – a strategy for thinking about MPAs 25
Defining critical habitat 28
Networks of MPAs 31
High-seas MPAs 33
2 WHY SPOTLIGHT WHALES,DOLPHINS AND
PORPOISES? 55
Introduction 55
Red List assessment of cetacean species,subspecies and populations 56
The value of cetaceans for marine-based conservation 57
3 CREATING BETTER MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR
CETACEANS:STEPS TOWARDS THE DESIGN,
ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR CETACEANS 68
Basic principles 68
Cetacean habitat needs 69
The value of ecosystem-based management 71
Steps to creating better MPAs for cetaceans 74
4 STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING CETACEANS TO
COMPLEMENT AND SUPPLEMENT MARINE
PROTECTED AREAS 83
Conservation strategies for cetaceans besides MPAs 83
Other pragmatic approaches 85
vi Marine Protected Areas for Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises
5 HABITAT PROTECTION FOR CETACEANS AROUND
THE WORLD:STATUS AND PROSPECTS 87
Introduction 87
Marine Region 1:Antarctic 96
Marine Region 2:Arctic 107
Marine Region 3:Mediterranean 130
Marine Region 4:Northwest Atlantic 162
Marine Region 5:Northeast Atlantic 182
Marine Region 6:Baltic 212
Marine Region 7:Wider Caribbean 216
Marine Region 8:West Africa 234
Marine Region 9:South Atlantic 260
Marine Region 10:Central Indian Ocean 284
Marine Region 11:Arabian Seas 294
Marine Region 12:East Africa 299
Marine Region 13:East Asian Seas 314
Marine Region 14:South Pacific 340
Marine Region 15:Northeast Pacific 358
Marine Region 16:Northwest Pacific 378
Marine Region 17:Southeast Pacific 396
Marine Region 18:Australia–New Zealand 418
EPILOGUE 448
References 453
Index 479
L F
IST OF IGURES
I.1 The exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the world ocean 7
I.2 El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve 10
1.1 The architecture of a biosphere reserve 27
5.1 Map of the 18 marine regions of the world 88
5.2 Map of Marine Region 1:Antarctic MPAs and sanctuaries 103
5.3 Map of Svalbard 110
5.4 Map of Marine Region 2:Arctic MPAs and sanctuaries 115
5.5 Map of the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals 134
5.6 Map of Regno di Nettuno 139
5.7 Map of Marine Region 3:Mediterranean MPAs and sanctuaries 143
5.8 Map of Gerry E Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary 164
5.9 Map of Marine Region 4:Northwest Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 173
5.10 Map of the Shannon River Estuary SAC 185
5.11 Map of the Irish Whale and Dolphin Sanctuary 189
5.12 Map of Marine Region 5:Northeast Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 191
5.13 Map of Marine Region 6:Baltic MPAs and sanctuaries 213
5.14 Map of Marine Region 7:Caribbean MPAs and sanctuaries 219
5.15 Map of Marine Region 8:West African MPAs and sanctuaries 237
5.16 Map of Marine Region 9:South Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 265
5.17 Map of Marine Region 10:Central Indian Ocean MPAs and
sanctuaries 287
5.18 Map of Marine Region 11:Arabian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 298
5.19 Map of Marine Region 12:East African MPAs and sanctuaries 301
5.20 Map of Komodo National Park 318
5.21 Map of Marine Region 13:East Asian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 323
5.22 Map of Marine Region 14:South Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 345
5.23 Map of Marine Region 15:Northeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 361
5.24 Map of Marine Region 16:Northwest Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 383
5.25 Map of the Galápagos Marine Resources Reserve and Whale
Sanctuary 399
5.26 Map of Marine Region 17:Southeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 405
5.27 Map of Marine Region 18:Australia–New Zealand MPAs and
sanctuaries 423
L T
IST OF ABLES
I.1 Top twelve whale watching countries and their MPAs for cetaceans 12
1.1 List of international cetacean sanctuaries and high-seas MPAs:
existing and proposed 16
1.2 List of national cetacean sanctuaries:existing and proposed 17
1.3 Marine protected areas – names in use around the world 19
1.4 The management objectives of the various IUCN MPA/PA
categories 26
1.5 Cetacean species and the location of their critical habitat 34
1.6 International and regional treaties,conventions and other
agreements with a bearing on MPAs and the conservation of
cetaceans 43
2.1 IUCN Red List status designations 58
2.2 Key to world Marine Regions 1–18 58
2.3 Baleen whales.World distribution and status of species,subspecies
and key populations 59
2.4 Toothed whales:sperm and beaked whales.World distribution and
status of species,subspecies and key populations 61
2.5 Toothed whales:river dolphins,belugas and narwhals.World
distribution and status of species,subspecies and key populations 62
2.6 Toothed whales:ocean dolphins.World distribution and status of
species,subspecies and key populations 63
2.7 Toothed whales:porpoises.World distribution and status of species,
subspecies and key populations 65
5.1 Marine regions:countries,biogeographic zones and key treaties 89
5.2 Marine Region 1:Antarctic MPAs and sanctuaries 104
5.3 Marine Region 2:Arctic MPAs and sanctuaries 116
5.4 Mediterranean and Black Sea cetaceans belonging to appendices of
international conventions,directives and agreements 133
5.5 Cetacean research in the Mediterranean,focusing on the Pelagos
Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals 137
5.6 Marine Region 3:Mediterranean MPAs and sanctuaries 144
5.7 Marine Region 4:Northwest Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 174
5.8 Marine Region 5:Northeast Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 192
5.9 Marine Region 6:Baltic MPAs and sanctuaries 214
5.10 Marine Region 7:Caribbean MPAs and sanctuaries 220
5.11 Marine Region 8:West African MPAs and sanctuaries 238
5.12 Marine Region 9:South Atlantic MPAs and sanctuaries 266
5.13 Marine Region 10:Central Indian Ocean MPAs and sanctuaries 288
5.14 Marine Region 11:Arabian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 296
5.15 Marine Region 12:East African MPAs and sanctuaries 302
List of Tables ix
5.16 Indonesian laws regarding cetaceans and cetacean habitat 320
5.17 Marine Region 13:East Asian Seas MPAs and sanctuaries 324
5.18 Marine Region 14:South Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 346
5.19 Marine Region 15:Northeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 362
5.20 Marine Region 16:Northwest Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 384
5.21 Marine Region 17:Southeast Pacific MPAs and sanctuaries 406
5.22 Marine Region 18:Australia–New Zealand MPAs and sanctuaries 424
E.1 Total sanctuaries and MPAs with cetacean habitat in each marine
region 449
L B C S
IST OF OXES AND ASE TUDIES
BOXES
I.1 Critical habitat 2
I.2 Ecosystem-based management (EBM) 4
I.3 The precautionary approach 9
1.1 IUCN management categories I–VI for protected areas (PAs),
also applied to marine protected areas (MPAs) 24
1.2 Activities excluded from core areas and buffer zones:a proposed
management regime for cetacean protected areas 30
3.1 Summary of basic requirements for an MPA 75
5.1 Notes about the marine region tables (5.2–5.22) in Chapter 5 95
5.2 The view on MPAs in Iceland 109
5.3 Legislation on MPAs and cetaceans in Italy 141
5.4 The flagship US national marine sanctuaries programme 166
5.5 MPA developments in Canada 171
5.6 Brazil:A wide variety of MPA designations 262
5.7 Argentina:provincial and national laws directed towards wild
cetaceans 263
5.8 MPAs and cetaceans in Indonesia 321
5.9 A whale sanctuary for the Cook Islands 343
5.10 Do MPAs really exist in Japan? 379
5.11 MPAs in Russia 382
5.12 Australia’s MPAs and Oceans Policy and the implications for
cetacean habitat 419
CASE STUDIES
1 Ross Sea – time for nations to act 101
2 Svalbard – a complicated protection regime 111
3 Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals 135
4 Regno di Nettuno MPA 137
5 Gerry E Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary 165
6 Shannon River Estuary Special Area of Conservation 184
7 Irish Whale and Dolphin Sanctuary 188
8 Komodo National Park 316
9 Galápagos Marine Resources Reserve and Galápagos Whale
Sanctuary 400