Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems

382 Pages·2018·16.586 MB·English

by  Ricardo Beiras

Marine Pollution
Sources, Fate and Effects of
Pollutants in Coastal
Ecosystems
Ricardo Beiras
University of Vigo
Elsevier
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Dedication
To Domingo
Foreword
Marine pollution is at present part of the media circus. Who has not been
shockedbytheimagesofmoribundseabirdsspreadingtheircoal-blackwings,
ordolphinsstrainedonaplastic-invaded beach?Theadvantageofthis media
focus is the public support gained for pollution remediation and prevention
initiatives, but the disadvantage is the lack of scientific rigor in the debates
concerning pollution. According to H.L. Windom, “the focus of attention on
coastal [pollution] problems has been based more upon public perceptions
than on sound scientific evaluations of sources, fates and environmental
effects.”1 J. S. Gray illustrated the same problem with the case of the planned
dumping of the disused oil rig Brent Spar in deep water off the Scottish coast.
Eventually the dumping was stopped after a Greenpeace campaign against it,
but the decision did not include any rational elements since neither
Greenpeace nor Shell gave any data on the environmental risk of the
optionsdsinking or disposal on shoredand the decision-makers did not
consider any scientificstudy, thoughtheywereavailable.2
In 2009, at the onset of the economic crisis in Spain, President Zapatero
declared on TV, “I want to make a call to the citizens [.] they must keep on
consuming.” Consumption is considered by conventional wisdom as the en-
gine of the economy. In fact, this ignores the most basic principles of ther-
modynamics. Since the 1980s, E. Odum called our attention to the need to
change focus from maximizing production (and thus consumption of re-
sources and generation ofwastes) tomaximizingefficiency,the ratio between
productionandconsumption.Slowlydperhapstooslowly?dthistruewisdom
permeates societies, but the effects on the decision-makers are so far more
cosmeticthanreal.Thepartofthisquestionthatisscientists’responsibilityisto
conducthardsciencetostudyenvironmentalissues.Scientistsreplacedpriests
asadvisorsoftheempoweredleadersonlybecausetheirpredictionsweremore
reliable. The higher the certitude of the scientific predictions the more influ-
entialtheywillbefordecision-makers.Ecotoxicologymustbejustasrigorous
asmedicine,andnobodyconceivesdiscussinginthemediathediagnosticofan
illpatient or the most suitabledrug and correct dose to be prescribed.
xiii
xiv Foreword
In fact, this book has a practical and applied vocation. I am an empirical sci-
entist fascinated by the elegant simplicity of the scientific method based on
contrastinghypothesesatthelightofobservationandexperimentation.Excess
of theoretical apparatus has been identified as one of the limitations of
ecological sciences, and the debates on the effects of environmental factors,
including the nonconcept of “global change,” on the stability of ecosystems
seemtomeagoodexampleofthis.AsR.H.Peterscomplained,logic,i.e.,theset
of possible alternatives, replaced theory, the set of probable alternatives, and
this eventually constrained some ecological theories to tautological formula-
tionswhoseimplicationsareincludedinthepremises,andthusnotsuitableto
experimentalcontrast.3
Thisbookintendstobeusefultoawiderangeofreaders:academicaudiences
seeking a basic theoretical background on marine pollution, but also pro-
fessionals involved in the daily routine of managing the marine environment
and seeking applied knowledge related to specificissueson pollution preven-
tion,monitoring,effects,andabatement.Asaresult,thebookadmitstwolevels
ofreading.Theadvancedreaderisofferedwithabroadselectionofspecialized
scientificreferencesthatbackthestatementsmadethroughoutthetext,listedat
the end of each chapter. For didactic purposes, the learning reader can ignore
thosereferencesandlookformorebasicinformationintheSuggestedFurther
Reading section, and review the essential contents in the Key Ideas section at
the end ofeachchapter.
In short, the hopefully not-too-ambitious aim of this book is to provide a
rigorous tool to train marine ecotoxicologists and contribute to make them
familiarwiththecontrastedtheoriesandquality-controlledmethodsthatmay
provide solid scientificfoundations to their currentor futurework.
Ricardo Beiras
References
1. Windom HL. Contamination of the Marine Environment from Land-based Sources. Marine
PollutionBulletin1992;25(1e4):32e6.
2. Gray JS. Chapter 17. Risk assessment and management in the exploitation of the seas. In:
Calow P, editor. Handbook of environmental risk assessment and management. Oxford:
BlackwellScience;1998.p.453e74.
3. PetersRH.Acritiqueforecology.CambridgeUniversityPress;1991.
Acknowledgments
IthankmycolleaguesMarionNipper,PaulaSánchezMarín,JuanBellas,Inés
Viana, Filipe M.G. Laranjeiro, Miren B. Urrutia, Enrique Navarro, Silvia
Messinetti, Leo Mantilla, Iria Durán, and Leticia Vidal Liñán for their useful
comments and discussion on several parts of this book. Many ancient and
hardlyavailablebibliographicreferenceswerereadilyobtainedthankstothe
efficientworkofthelibrariansattheUniversityofVigo.IapologizetoLeticia,
Xulia, Roi, and Valentina for the time taken for this project.
xv
Abbreviations and Symbols
4-MBC 4-Methylbenzylidenecamphor
ABS Alkyl-benzenesulfonate
AChE Acetylcholinesterase
AE Absorptionefficiency/assimilationefficiency
AF Assessmentfactor
AhR Arylhydrocarbonreceptor
ALA-D d-Aminolevulinicaciddehydratase
Ant Anthracene
ANZECC AustralianandNewZealandEnvironmentConservationCouncil
ASP Amnesicshellfishpoison
ASTM AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials
ATP Adenosinetriphosphate
AVS Acid-volatilesulfide
BaA Benzo-a-Anthracene
BAC BackgroundAssessmentConcentration
BAF BioamplificationFactor
BaP Benzo-a-pyrene
BbF Benzo-b-Fluoranthene
BC Backgroundconcentration
BCF Bioconcentrationfactor
BDE Brominateddiphenylether
BeP Benzo-e-Pyrene
BEWS BiologicalEarlyWarningSystem
BghiP Benzo-g,h,i-Perylene
BkF Benzo-k-Fluoranthene
BMF Biomagnificationfactor
BMF Trophicwebbiomagnificationfactor
TW
BOD Biologicaloxygendemand
BOD 5-daysbiologicaloxygendemand
5
BOD Ultimatebiologicaloxygendemand
L
BP Benzophenone
BPA BisphenolA
(Continued)
xvii
xviii Abbreviations and Symbols
BTEX Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,xylene
CAT Catalase
CB Chlorinatedbiphenyl
CBB Criticalbodyburden
CCME CanadianCouncilofMinistersoftheEnvironment
cDNA Complementarydeoxyribonucleicacid
CEMP CoordinatedEnvironmentalMonitoringProgramme
CEP CaribbeanEnvironmentProgramme
CF Contaminationfactor
CFU Colony-formingunits
Chry Chrysene
CLC Civilliabilityconvention
COD Chemicaloxygendemand
CPI Chemicalpollutionindex
Cpn60 Chaperon60
CYP CytochromeP450
Cys Cysteine
DDD Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DEHP Diethylhexylphthalate
DIN Dissolvedinorganicnitrogen
DNA Deoxyribonucleicacid
DO Dissolvedoxygen
DOC Dissolvedorganiccarbon
DOM Dissolvedorganicmatter
DW Dryweight
EC EuropeanCommission
EC Medianeffectiveconcentration
50
ECHA EuropeanChemicalsAgency
EDC Endocrinedisruptingcompound
EEA EuropeanEnvironmentAgency
EF Enrichmentfactor
EHMC Ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate
ELISA Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay
ELS Earlylifestages
EMSA EuropeanMaritimeSafetyAgency
EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
EQC Environmentalqualitycriteria
EQC/S Environmentalqualitycriteriaandstandards
EQR Ecologicalqualityratio
EQS Environmentalqualitystandards
Abbreviations and Symbols xix
ER Estrogenreceptor
ERA Ecologicalriskassessment
ERL Effectsrangelow
ERM Effectsrangemedian
EROD Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase
EU EuropeanUnion
FC Fecalcoliforms
FIAM Freeionactivitymodel
f Weightproportionoflipids
L
Flu Fluoranthene
f Weightproportionoforganiccarbon
OC
FR Filteringrate
GPx Glutathioneperoxydase
GSH Glutathione
GST Glutathionetransferase
HBCD Hexabromocyclododecane
HC Hazardconcentrationfor5%ofspecies
5
HELCOM HelsinkiCommission
HRA Healthriskassessment
H Shannondiversityindex
S
ICES InternationalCouncilfortheExplorationoftheSea
IF Interactionfactor
IFREMER InstitutFrançaisdeRecherchepourl’ExploitationdelaMer
IMO InternationalMaritimeOrganization
IOPC Internationaloilpollutioncompensation
IPy Indenepyrene
IR Ingestionrate
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
K Organiccarbon-waterpartitioncoefficient
OC
K Octanol-waterpartitioncoefficient
OW
LAS Linearalkylbenzenesulfonate
LC Medianlethalconcentration
50
LMS Lysosomalmembranestability
LW Lipidweight
MDS Multidimensionalscaling
MeeHg Methylmercury
MFO Mixedfunctionoxidaseormonooxygenase
MLVSS Mixedliquorvolatilesuspendedsolids
MPN Mostprobablenumber
mRNA Messengerribonucleicacid
MSFD Marinestrategyframeworkdirective
MSW Municipalsolidwaste
(Continued)
xx Abbreviations and Symbols
MT Metallothionein
NADH Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide
NADPH Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephosphate
NOAA Nationaloceanicandatmosphericadministration
NP Nonylphenol
NPE Nonylphenolethoxylate
NRRT Neutralredretentiontime
NSP Neurotoxicshellfishpoison
OC Organochlorine
OD-PABA Octyldimethyl-paraaminobenzoicacid
OPA Oilpollutionact
OSPAR OsloePariscommission
PA Polyamide
PAH Polyaromatichydrocarbon
PBDE Polybrominateddiphenylethers
PBT Persistentbioaccumulabletoxic
PC Polycarbonate
PCA Principalcomponentsanalysis
PCB Polychlorinatedbiphenyls
PCDD Polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins
PCDF Polychlorinateddibenzofurans
PCR Polymerasechainreaction
PE Polyethylene
PEC Predictedenvironmentalconcentration
PEL Probableeffectlevel
PET Polyethyleneterephthalate
PFOA Perfluorooctanoicacid
PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonate
PFOSA Perfluorooctanesulfonamide
PFU Plaque-formingunits
Phe Phenanthrene
PLA Polylacticacid
PNEC Predictedno-effectconcentration
PNR Proportionnetresponse
POM Particulateorganicmatter
POP Persistentorganicpollutant
PS Polystyrene
PSP Paralyticshellfishpoison
PP Polypropylene
PUR Polyurethane
PVC Polyvinylchloride
Pyr Pyrene