Marine Outfall Construction: Background, Techniques, and Case Studies

432 Pages·2009·5.849 MB·English

by  Robert A. Grace

Marine Outfall
Construction
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Marine
Outfall
Construction
Background, Techniques,
and Case Studies
Robert A. Grace
CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd iii 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Grace, Robert A., 1938–
Marine outfall construction : background, techniques, and case studies / Robert A.
Grace.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7844-0984-8
1. Sewage disposal in the ocean. 2. Ocean outfalls—Design and construction—
Case studies. 3. Saline waters. I. Title.
TD763.G639 2009
628’.2—dc22
2009002098
Published by American Society of Civil Engineers
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Reston, Virginia 20191
www.pubs.asce.org
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Copyright © 2009 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
All Rights Reserved.
ISBN 978-0-7844-0984-8
Manufactured in the United States of America.
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5
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To the memory of my mother
Mary Kathleen (Disney) Grace,
and my godmother
Sheila May (Sargent) Fairbairn,
who fi rst met as British school girls
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
1 The Marine Outfall in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Precious Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Marine Disposal of Wastewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.3 Wastewater Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1.4 Releasing Wastewater to the Marine Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Multiple Uses of the Marine Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.6 Taking Individual Outfalls Out of Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
1.7 The Marine Outfall as the Disposal Method of Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
2 Moving toward Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
2.1 Working in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
2.2 The Bracketing of Marine Outfall Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 The Most Crucial Marine Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
2.4 Development of the Design of the Southwest Ocean Outfall . . . . . . . . .37
2.5 Additional Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
2.6 Design–Build. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
2.7 Offshore and Underwater Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
2.8 Book Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
vii
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viii Marine Outfall Construction
3. Providing a Stable Work Base within the Surf Zone. . . . . . . . . .59
3.1 The Trestle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
3.2 A Full-Length Outfall Trestle at New Plymouth, New Zealand . . . . . . . .62
3.3 Another Full-Length Outfall Trestle at McGaurans Beach, Australia. . . .65
3.4 A Large Power Plant Outfall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
3.5 Big Pipe with Strict Environmental Stipulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 The Jackup Barge or Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
3.7 An Outfall Extension at Fort Bragg, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
3.8 More Walking Platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
4 Pulling an Outfall Seaward along the Ocean Floor. . . . . . . . . . .91
4.1 The Bottom-Pull Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2 The Cape Peron Outfall, Western Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
4.3 Two Other Notable Bottom-Pulled Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
4.4 A Pair of Modern Bottom-Pulled Conduits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
4.5 Further Cases: 1978–1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.6 Further Cases: 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
4.7 Additional Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.8 Crucial Numbers for the Bottom-Pull Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5 Placing Outfalls under Protected Sites or Obstructions . . . . . .115
5.1 Horizontal Directional Drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2 Gas and Oil Industry Shore Crossing, Example No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.3 Two More Gas and Oil Shore Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
5.4 Unfulfi lled Horizontal Directional Drilling Attempts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.5 HDD Outfall Case Studies in the United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
5.6 Other HDD Case Studies in Developed Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
5.7 Central Pacifi c Ocean HDD Jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
6 Crane Barge Offshore, Trestle Inshore, Trouble Ahead. . . . . . .135
6.1 Section-by-Section Installation of Reinforced Concrete Pipe Outfalls .135
6.2 Southwest Ocean Outfall, San Francisco, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
6.3 Monterey Bay Outfall, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
6.4 Santa Cruz No. 3 Outfall, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.5 Stormwater Outfalls on the Lower U.S. East Coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
6.6 The Crane Barge Working Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
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Contents ix
7 High-Tech Outfall Installation in Deep Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
7.1 Saturation Diving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
7.2 Working Underwater with No Divers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
7.3 Renton, Seattle, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
7.4 Iona, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
7.5 Point Loma Extension, San Diego, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
8 Creating Tunnel Outfalls and Their Risers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
8.1 Tunnel Boring Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
8.2 Three Full-Tunnel Outfalls at Sydney, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
8.3 Other Tunnel Outfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.4 Sacrifi cial Tunnels for Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
8.5 Use of Microtunneling and Pipe-Jacking to Create Outfalls . . . . . . . . .194
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
9 Hybrid-Design Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
9.1 Two Distinct Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
9.2 South Bay Ocean Outfall, San Diego, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
9.3 Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme, Stage I Outfall, Hong Kong . . . . . . 211
9.4 The Fort Kamehameha No. 2 Outfall, Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
9.5 Post Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
10 Selected Polyethylene Outfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
10.1 Lightness and Heaviness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
10.2 High-Density Polyethylene Pipes in South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
10.3 Selected Polyethylene Outfalls: First Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
10.4 Selected Polyethylene Outfalls: Second Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
10.5 The Latest Polyethylene Outfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.6 Installation Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
11 Unusual Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
11.1 Techniques from the Gas and Oil Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
11.2 Small-Diameter Flexible Pipe from a Reel Barge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
11.3 Outfalls in Remote Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
11.4 Novel Designs: The Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
11.5 Novel Designs: Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
11.6 Novel Designs: Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
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