Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Marine Organic
Micropollutants
A Case Study of
the Sundarban
Mangrove Wetland
123
SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science
More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/8868
Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Marine Organic
Micropollutants
A Case Study of the Sundarban
Mangrove Wetland
Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Department of Marine Science
University of Calcutta
Calcutta , West Bengal , India
ISSN 2191-5547 ISSN 2191-5555 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science
ISBN 978-3-319-43300-4 ISBN 978-3-319-43301-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43301-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946345
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
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Pref ace
Micropollutants, or Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS), are a group of xenobiotic
lipophilic organic compounds characterized by their semivolatile, persistent, bioac-
cumulative and toxic nature. POPs are of considerable interest to scientists, envi-
ronmental quality managers and policy makers, and are drawing increasing global
attention due to their adverse immunological, teratogenic and neurological impacts
on humans and other living beings. The book provides regional case studies on the
characteristics, sources, analytical techniques, distribution and ecotoxicological
aspects of three selective POPs, namely organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), poly-
chlorinated phenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in
coastal regions of the Indian Sundarban wetland (a UNESCO World Heritage Site),
an iconic mangrove wetland with rich biodiversity. Measurements of their concen-
trations and evaluation of ecological risk in this vast coastal environment are of
signifi cant importance to protect environmental health. Substantial work has been
carried out by international organizations, such as the United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the
International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), on the characteristics, hazards
and fate of POPs. The book adds to the literature by highlighting impacts of these
pollutants to the environment in low-lying coastal zones (LLCZ) of this region that
are already problems such as siltation, eutrophication, coastal development, aqua-
culture and pollution due to vibrant growth in industrial and agricultural sectors.
The book is intended to serve as a reliable and up-to-date reference source for stu-
dents, teachers and researchers engaged in the fi elds of chemical oceanography,
ecotoxicology and pollution management.
Santosh Kumar Sarkar
v
Acknowledgments
The author sincerely acknowledges the permission extended by Springer for repro-
ducing the following research papers used in the book, namely Archive of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2008) 55:358–371; Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment (2009) 153:221–234; Archive of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology (2010) 59:49–61; Water Air and Soil Pollution
(2009) 201:305–318.
I should acknowledge the generous support from the following academicians and
researchers who have shared their knowledge and experience in upgrading the man-
uscript, namely Drs. Jiang-Shiou Hwang, National Taiwan Ocean University;
Simonetta Corsolini, University of Siena, Italy; Krishna Das, University of Liege,
Belgium; Karla Pozo, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Emmanoel V. Silva-
Filho, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil; Jason Kirby, Commonwealth
Scientifi c and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia; M.P. Jonathan
(CIIEMAD) (IPN), Mexico; M.N.V. Prasad, University of Hyderabad, India; Rahul
Kundu, Saurashtra University, India; Jayant Kumar Mishra, Pondicherry University,
India; and K K Satpathy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR),
India. The incredible support and assistance rendered by my research students
Dibyendu Rakshit, Soumita Mitra, Priyanka Mondal as well as by my daughter
Prathama Sarkar for preparing the manuscript are greatly appreciated.
Finally I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Johanna Schwarz,
Senior Publishing Editor, and Ms. Claudia Mannsperger, Earth Sciences, Geography
and Environment, Springer Nature, and Ms Sujitha, Project Manager, SPi
Technologies India Private Ltd., for their keen interest and constant encouragement
in the publication of the work. Thanks are also due to anonymous reviewers for their
valuable and constructive comments and suggestions which helped in giving the
book its fi nal shape.
I sincerely hope this will provide greater understanding and stimulate greater
interest in the topic of organic micropollutants. Constructive suggestions for
improvement of the text are gratefully appreciated.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Characteristic Features of the Organic Micropollutants . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Organochlorine Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Micropollutants in Coastal Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Sundarban: An Iconic Tropical Mangrove Wetland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Organochlorine Pesticide Residues (OCPs) in Sediment
Cores from Sundarban Wetland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 Study Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Sampling Strategy and Analytical Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3 Reagents and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.4 Extraction and Cleanup Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.5 Instrumental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.6 Quality Assurance ( QA ) and Quality Control (QC) . . . . . . . 15
2.2.7 Statistical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1 Sediment Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.2 Levels of OCPs in Core Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.3 Ecotoxicological Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.4 Statistical Evaluations and Interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.5 Comparative Account of OCPs in Coastal
Regions of India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ix
