Table Of ContentMarine Mesocosms
Marine Mesocosms
Biological and Chemical Research
in Experimental Ecosystems
Edited by
George D. Grice and Michael R. Reeve
With 136 Figures
Springer-Verlag
New York Heidelberg Berlin
George D. Grice. Ph.D.
Senior Scientist
Chairman, Department of Biology
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, U.S.A.
Michael R. Reeve. Ph.D.
Professor of Biology and Living Resources
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
University of Miami
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, Florida 33149, U.S.A.
Sponsoring Editor: Philip C. Manor
Production: William J. Gabello
The photograph on the front cover is an aerial view of CEPEX mesocosms.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Marine mesocosms. Biological and chemical research in
experimental ecosystems.
Includes index.
1. Marine ecology. 2. Closed ecological
systems. 3. Marine ecology-Research.
4. Marine aquariums-Design and construction.
I. Grice, George Daniel. II. Reeve, M. R.
(Michael R.) III. Title: Mesocosms.
QH541.5.S3M283 574.5/2636 81-9168
© 1982 by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1982
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form
without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New
York 10010, U.S.A.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication,
even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such
names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly
be used freely by anyone.
This book was prepared with the support of National Science Foundation Grant
OCE-7727906. However. any opinions, findings, conclusions and/or recommendations
expressed in this publication are those of the author/authors and do not necessarily reflect
the views of the Foundation.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5647-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5645-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5645-8
Contents
1 Introduction and Description of Experimental Ecosystems 1
George D. Grice and Michael R. Reeve
2 Experimental Marine Ecosystem Enclosures in a Historical
Perspective 11
Karl Banse
3 Application of Enclosures to the Study of Marine Pelagic
Systems 25
John C. Gamble and John M. Davies
4 Application of Enclosures to Studies on the Early Life History
of Fishes 49
Victor ¢iestad
5 Application of Enclosures to the Study of Ocean Chemistry 63
Peter H. Santschi
6 Radiotracers in Studies of Trace Metal Behavior in Mesocosms:
Advantages and Limitations 81
Michael Amdurer. Dennis M. Adler. and Peter H. Santschi
vi Contents
7 Natural Radionuclides as Tracers for Geochemical Processes in
MERL Mesocosms and Narragansett Bay 97
Peter H. Santschi, Steven Carson, and Yuan-Hui Li
8 Controlled Marine Ecosystems-A Tool for Studying Stable
Trace Metal Cycles: Long-Term Response and Variability 111
Carlton D. Hunt and Deborah L. Smith
9 Fate of Radiolabeled Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and
Pentachlorophenol in Enclosed Marine Ecosystems 123
Richard F. Lee, Kenneth Hinga, and Glenn Almquist
10 Biogeochemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds in Marine
Experimental Ecosystems and the Estuarine
Environment-Initial Results 137
Stuart G. Wakeham, Alan C. Davis,
and Jeffrey T. Goodwin
11 The Use of Experimental Ecosystems for Evaluating the
Environmental Impact of Pollutants: A Comparison of an Oil
Spill in the Baltic Sea and Two Long-Term, Low-Level Oil
Addition Experiments in Mesocosms 153
Ragnar Elmgren and Jeffrey B. Frithsen
12 Processes Affecting the Movement and Speciation of Mercury
in the Marine Environment 167
Graham Topping, Ian M. Davies, and John M. Pirie
13 Ecotoxicological Experiments with Marine Plankton
Communities in Plastic Bags 181
Jan Kuiper
14 Plankton Spring Development in a South Norwegian Fjord 195
Uwe H. Brockmann, Gerhard Kattner, and Einar Dahl
15
The Plankton Tower. IV. Interactions Between Water Column
and Sediment in Enclosure Experiments in Kiel Bight 205
Victor Smetacek, Bodo von Bodungen, Bastiaan Knoppers,
Falk Pollehne, and Bernt Zeitzschel
Contents vii
16
Replication in Controlled Marine Systems: Presenting the
Evidence 217
Woollcott Smith. Victoria R. Gibson.
and J. Frederick Grassle
17 Predator Control in Enclosures 227
John H. Steele and John C. Gamble
18 Food and Growth of Juvenile Herring, Clupea harengus
pallasi. in CEPEX Enclosures 239
Edward D. Houde and Steven A. Berkeley
19
Sedimentation of Phytoplankton Cells Within Controlled
Experimental Ecosystems Following Launching, and
Implications for Further Enclosure Studies 251
Klaus von Brockel
20
Phytoplankton Sinking-Rate Dynamics in Enclosed
Experimental Ecosystems 261
Paul K. Bienfang
21 The Manipulation of Physical, Chemical, and Biological
Factors to Select Species from Natural Phytoplankton
Communities 275
Paul J. Harrison and David H. Turpin
22
The Use of Enclosed Experimental Ecosystems to Study
Nitrogen Dynamics in Coastal Waters 291
[sao Koike. Akihiko Hattori. Masayuki Takahashi.
and John J. Goering
23
Microbial Contribution to Overall Plankton Community
Respiration-Studies in Enclosures 305
Peter J. LeB. Williams
24 The Importance of Understanding Phytoplankton Life
Strategies in the Design of Enclosure Experiments 323
o.
Curtiss Davis
viii Contents
25 Phytoplankton Species' Responses to Nutrient Changes in
Experimental Enclosures and Coastal Waters 333
Masayuki Takahashi. Isao Koike, Kazuo Iseki.
Paul K. Bienfang. and Akihiko Hattori
26 The Population Biology of the Larvacean Oikopleura dioica in
Enclosed Water Columns 341
Kenneth R. King
27 Trophic Interactions and Production Processes in Natural
Zooplankton Communities in Enclosed Water Columns 353
Roger P. Harris. Michael R. Reeve. George D. Grice.
Geoffrey T. Evans. Victoria R. Gibson. John R. Beers,
and Barbara K. Sullivan
28 The CEPEX Approach and Its Implications for Future Studies
in Plankton Ecology 389
Michael R. Reeve. George D. Grice. and Roger P. Harris
29 How Can Enclosing Seawater Liberate Biological
Oceanographers? 399
Michael M. Mullin
30 The Future of Controlled Ecosystem Enclosure Experiments 411
Timothy R. Parsons
Index 419
Contributors
Dennis M. Adler, Ph.D. (Chapter 6) Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, U.S.A.
Glenn Almquist, B.A. (Chapter 9) Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory,
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kings
ton, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
Michael Amdurer, M.Phii. (Chapter 6) Lamont-Doherty Geological Obser
vatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, U.S.A.
Karl Banse, Ph.D. (Chapter 2) Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.
John R. Beers, Ph.D. (Chapter 27) Institute of Marine Resources, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La
Jolla, California, U.S.A.
Steven A. Berkeley, M.S. (Chapter 18) Rosenstiel School of Marine and
Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, U.S.A.
Paul K. Bienfang, Ph.D. (Chapters 20,25) The Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo,
Hawaii, U.S.A.
x Contributors
Bodo von Bodungen, Ph.D. (Chapter 15) Institut fur Meereskunde an der
Universitiit Kiel, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Klaus von Brockel, Ph.D. (Chapter 19) Institut fur Meereskunde an der
Universitiit Kiel, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Uwe H. Brockmann, Ph.D. (Chapter 14) Institut fUr Organische und
Biochemie der Universitiit Hamburg, Hamburg, Federal Republic of
Germany
Steven Carson, M.Phil. (Chapter 7) Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, U.S.A.
Einar Dahl, Cand.Real. (Chapter 14) Statens Biologiske Stasjon Fl!IJdevigen,
Arendal, Norway
Ian M. Davies, Ph.D. (Chapter 12) Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K.
John M. Davies, Ph.D. (Chapter 3) Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K.
Alan C. Davis, B.S. (Chapter 10) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U. S. A.
Curtiss O. Davis, Ph.D. (Chapter 24) Tiburon Center for Environmental
Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California, U.S.A.
Ragnar Elmgren, FiI.Dr. (Chapter 11) Department of Zoology and the Asko
Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
Geoffrey T. Evans, Ph.D. (Chapter 27) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu
tion, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Jeffrey B. Frithsen, B.S. (Chapter 11) Marine Ecosystems Research Labora
tory, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island,
Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
John C. Gamble, Ph.D. (Chapters 3, 17) Department of Agriculture and
Fisheries Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland, U. K.
Victoria R. Gibson, M.S. (Chapters 16,27) Division of Biomedical Communi
cations, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A.
John J. Goering, Ph.D. (Chapter 22) Institute of Marine Science, University of
Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.
Contributors xi
Jeffrey T. Goodwin, B.A. (Chapter 10) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu
tion , Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U. s. A.
J. Frederick Grassle, Ph.D. (Chapter 16) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu
tion, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
George D. Grice, Ph.D. (Chapters 1. 27. 28) Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Roger P. Harris, Ph.D. (Chapters 27.28) The Laboratory, Marine Biological
Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, England, U.K.
Paul J. Harrison, Ph.D. (Chapter 21) Departments of Oceanography and
Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
Akihiko Hattori, D.Se. (Chapters 22.25) Ocean Research Institute, University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Kenneth Hinga, M.S. (Chapter 9) Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory,
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kings
ton, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
Edward D. Houde, Ph.D. (Chapter 18) Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
University of Maryland, Solomons, Maryland, U.S.A.
Carlton D. Hunt, Ph.D. (Chapter 8) Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory,
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kings
ton, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
Kazuo Iseki, D.Ag. (Chapter 25) Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British
Columbia, Canada
Gerhard Kattner, M.S. (Chapter 14) Institut fiir Organische und Biochemie
der Universitiit Hamburg, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
Kenneth R. King, Ph.D. (Chapter 26) Department of Oceanography, Univer
sity of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.
Bastiaan Knoppers, Ph.D. (Chapter 15) Institut fiir Meereskunde an der
Universitiit Kiel, Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany
Isao Koike, D.Se. (Chapters 22. 25) Ocean Research Institute, University of
Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
