Marine Geological and Geophysical Atlas of the Circum-Antarctic to 30°S

60 Pages·2016·2.42 MB·English

Marine Geological and GeophysicalA tlas
of the Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Physical Sciences
ANTARCTIC OCEANOLOGY
JosephL . Reid, Editor
ANTARCTICO CEANOLOGYII : THE AUSTRALIAN-
NEW ZEALAND SECTOR
Dennis E. Hayes, Edftor
ANTARCTICS NOW AND IcE STUDIES
Malcolm Melior, Editor
ANTARCTICS NOW AND ICE STUDIESI I
A. P. Crary, Editor
ANTARCTICS OILSA ND SOIL FORMINGP ROCESSES
J. C. F. Tedrow, Editor
DRY VALLEY DRILLING PROJECT
L. D. McGinnis, Editor
GEOLOGICAILN VESTIGATIONISN NORTHERN
VICTORIA LAND
Edmund Stump, Editor
GEOLOGAYN DP ALEONTOLOOGFYT HEA NTARCTIC
Jarvis B. Hadley, Editor
GEOLOGOYF T HE CENTRALT RANSANTARCTIC
MOUNTAINS
Mort D. Turnera ndJ ohnF . Splettstoesser,
Editors
GEOMAGNETISMA ND AERONOMY
A. H. Waynick, Editor
METEOROLOGSITCUADLI EAST P LATEASUT ATION,
ANTARCTICA
JoostA . Businger,E ditor
OCEANOLOOGFYT HEA NTARCTICCO NTINENTASLH ELF
Stanley S. JacobsE, ditor
STUDIESIN ANTARCTICM ETEOROLOGY
Morton J. Rubin, Editor
UPPERA TMOSPHERREE SEARCIHN ANTARCTICA
L. J. Lanzerottia nd C.G. Park, Editors
THER OSSIC E SHELFG: LACIOLOGAYN DG EOPHYSICS
C. R. Bentleya ndD . E. Hayes,E ditors
VOLCANOOESFT HEA NTARCTPICL ATEA NDS OUTHERN
OCEANS
W. E. LeMasuriera ndJ . T. ThomsonE,d itors
MINERALR ESOURCPEOST ENTIAOLF A NTARCTICA
JohnF . Splettstoessaenrd G iselaA .M. Dreschhoff,
Editors
CONTRIBUTIOTNOSA NTARCTRICE SEARCI H
David H. Elliot, Editor
CONTRIBUTTIOONA SN TARCTRIECS EARICI H
David H. Elliot, Editor
ANTARCTIC
American GeophysicalU nion RESEARCH
SERIES
Biological and Life Sciences ANTARCTIC TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY
GeorgeA . Llano, Editor
TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY !I
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTICS EAS
Bruce Parker, Editor
Milton O. Lee, Editor
TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY III
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTICS EAS II
Bruce Parker, Editor
GeorgeA . Llano, Editor
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS III
GeorgeA . Llano and Waldo L. Schmitt,E ditors ANTARCTIC ASCIDIACEA
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IV Patricia Kott
GeorgeA . Llano and I. EugeneW allen,E ditors ANTARCTIC BIRD STUDIES
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS V Oliver L. Austin, Jr., Editor
David L. Pawson, Editor ANTARCTIC PINNIPEDIA
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VI William Henry Burr, Editor
David L. Pawson, Editor ANTARCTIC CIRRIPEDIA
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VII William A. Newman and Arnold Ross
David L. Pawson, Editor BIRDS OF THE ANTARCTIC AND SUB-ANTARCTIC
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS VIII George E. Watson
David L. Pawson and Louis S. Kornicker, Editors ENTOMOLOGY OF ANTARCTICA
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS IX J. Linsley Gressitt, Editor
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor HUMAN ADAPTABILITY TO ANTARCTIC CONDITIONS
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS X E. K. Eric Gunderson, Editor
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XI Olga Hartman
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor POLYCHAETAM YZOSTOMIDAEA ND SEDENTIARIA OF
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XII ANTARCTICA
David L. Pawson, Editor Olga Hartman
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTICS EAS XIII RECENT ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC BRACHIOPODS
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor Merrill W. Foster
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTICS EAS XIV
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XV
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVI
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTICS EAS XVII
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XVIII
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XIX
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS XX
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
BIOLOGYO F THE ANTARCTICS EAS XXI
Louis S. Kornicker, Editor
ANTARCTIC
Volume 54 RESEARCH
SERIES
Marine Geologicala nd GeophysicalA tlas
of the Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes, Editor
(cid:127) AmericGane ophysUicnailo n
Washington,D .C.
1991
ANTARCTIC
Volume 54 RESEARCH
SERIES
MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL ATLAS OF THE
CIRCUM-ANTARCTiC TO 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes, Editor
Publishedu nder the aegis of the
Board of Associate Editors, Antarctic Research Series
David H. Elliot, Chairman
John B. Anderson, Steve Cairns
Samuel C. Co!beck, Rodney M. Feldmann,
E. Imre Friedmann, Dennis E. Hayes,
Charles R. Steams
Library of CongressC atalogingi n PublicationD ata
AmericanG eophysicaUl nion.
Marineg eologicaaln d geophysicaalt las: circum-Antarcttioc 3 0øS/ editedb y
DennisE . Hayes.
p. cm. -- (Antarcticr esearchs eries: v. 54)
Showss ubmarinseo lide arthd ataf or the southerno cean surrounding
Antarctica.
ISBN 0-87590-8!1-X
1. Geology--AntarctOicc ean--Maps. 2. Marineg eophysics---Antarctic
Ocean--Maps. I. Hayes, DennisE . II. Title. III. Series.
G3101.C5A4 1992 <G&M>
551.46' 08' 0970223--dc20 91-45473
CIP
ISBN 0-87590-81!-X Map
ISSN 00664634
Copyright1 991b y the AmericanG eophysicalU nion
2000 Florida Avenue, N.W.
Washington,D C 20009
Figures,t ables,a nd shorte xcerptsm ay be reprintedi n scientificb ooksa ndj ournalsi f the sourcei s
properly cited.
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This consentd oes not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copyingf or creating new
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figuresa nd tables, for commercialp urposesr equiress pecificp ermissionf rom AGU.
Publishedb y
American GeophysicalU nion
With the aid of grant DPP-89-15494 from the
National Science Foundation
Printed in the United States of America
CONTENTS
The Antarctic Research Series: Statement of Objectives
Board of Associate Editors ix
Introduction and General Comments
Dennis E. Hayes
Bathymetry: Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes
Free-Air Gravity of the Southern Ocean Derived from Seasat and Geosat Altimeter Data:
Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
William F. Haxby and Dennis E. Hayes 11
Crustal Structure: Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes, Patricia L. Manley, Juliet W. Malin, and Robert E. Houtz 21
Magnetic Anomalies: Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes, Steve C. Cande, and John L. LaBrecque 25
Sediment Isopachs: Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes and John L. LaBrecque 29
Southern Ocean Sediments: Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Floyd W. McCoy 37
Tectonics and Age of the Oceanic Crust: Circum-Antarctic to 30øS
Dennis E. Hayes 47
The Antarctic Research Series'
STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES
The Antarctic Research Series provides for the presentationo f detailed scientificr esearch
resultsf rom Antarctica,p articularlyt he resultso f the United StatesA ntarcticR esearchP rogram,
includingm onographsa nd long manuscripts.
The series is designedt o make the resultso f Antarctic fieldworka vailable. The Antarctic
ResearchS eriese ncouragesth e collectiono f paperso n specificg eographica reasw ithin Antarc-
tica. In addition, many volumesf ocus on particular disciplines,i ncludingm arine biology,
oceanologym, eteorologyu,p pera tmospherpeh ysicst,e rrestriabl iology,g eologyg, laciology,
humana daptabilitye, ngineeringa,n de nvironmentaplr otection.
Topicalv olumesin the seriesn ormallya re devotedt o papersi n one or two disciplines.
Multidisciplinarvyo lumesi,n itiatedin 1990t o enablem orer apidp ublicationa,r e opent o papers
,froma ny disciplineT.h e seriesc ana ccommodaltoen gm anuscripatsn du tilizes peciaflo rmats,
such as maps.
Prioritiesfo r publicationa re set by the Boardo f AssociateE ditors.P referenceis givent o
researchm anuscriptfsr om projectsf undedb y U.S. agenciesB. ecauset he seriess ervest o
emphasizthe eU .S. AntarcticR esearcPhr ogramit, alsop erformas f unctionsi milatro expedition
reportso f manyo therc ountriesw ith nationaAl ntarcticr esearchp rograms.
The standardso f scientifice xcellencee xpectedf or the seriesa re maintainedb y the review
criteriae stablishefdo r the AGU publicationpsr ogramE. achp aperi s criticallyr eviewedb y two or
moree xpertr efereesA. membeor f the Boardo f AssociatEe ditorsm ay servea s editoro f a
volumeo, r anothepr ersonm ayb ea ppointedT.h eB oardw orksw itht hei ndividuaeld itorso f each
volumea nd with the AGU stafft o assuret hat the objectiveso f the seriesa re met, that the best
possiblep apersa re presenteda, ndt hat publicatioins timely.
Proposalfso r volumeso r paperso ffereds houldb e sentt o the Boardo f AssociateE ditors,
Antarctic ResearchS eries, at 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., WashingtonD, .C. 20009. Publication
of the seriesi s partiallys upportedb y a grantf rom the NationalS cienceF oundation.
Board of Associate Editors
Antarctic Research Series
Revised 5/13/91
ix
Marine Geological and Geophysical Atlas
Antarctic Research Series of the Circum-Antarctic to 30°S Vol. 54
MARINE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL ATLAS OF THE
CIRCUM-ANTARCTIC TO 30øS
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL COMMENTS
Dennis E. Hayes
Lamont-DohGeertoyl ogicOabl servatoorfyC ,o lumbUian iversiPtya,l isadeNse,w Y ork1 0964
and Departmenot f GeologicaSl ciencesC, olumbiaU niversityN, ew York 10027
This ariasa nd explanatoryte xt were compiledu ndert he and data formats. I have adopted a philosophy of
sponsorshiopf the Divisiono f Polar Programs(D PP) of incorporatinga nd presentingt he maximum amounto f data
the National Science Foundation (NSF). Relatively little possiblek, nowingt hat a certaind egreeo f mapu niformity
interpretationh as been incorporatedi nto the synthesis is necessarilys acrificed.
beyondt hat implicit in the publicationsu sed,t hat inherent The type and quality of navigationadl ata usedt o locate
in the variousa nalysesp roceduresre quired,o r that required the various observationss ynthesizedh ere have changed
to reconcilea pparentlyd iscrepantd ata or interpretations. dramaticallyo ver the roughly3 0-year periodr epresented.
This serieso f maps does, however, representc onsiderably In the early stageso f data acquisitionn, avigationr elied on
more than a compilation of published results. The maps dead reckoningb etweend aily celestial fixes. At best, this
also incorporatee xtensiven ew and unpublishedg eological resultedi n navigationo nly accuratet o a few miles. During
and geophysicadl ata as well as many invaluabled ata that periodso f sustainedb ad weather,w hen celestialf ixes were
have appearedp reviouslyo nly in the gray literature( e.g., few or absent, navigational errors of many, many miles
national and international agency and institutional could accrue between fixes. By the mid-to-late 1960s, the
technical reports). Navy transit sataellite navigation system became
The citeurn-Antarctic, particularly the marine zone available, typically providing (at high latitudes) 12-18
proxima1t o the Antarctic continent,h as been an area of satellite fixes per day with accuracieso f a few tenthso f a
focus for international research involving many of the mile. Positions were dead reckoned between these fixes and
AntarcticT reaty countriesfo r nearly threed ecadesW. e have resulted in adjustedn avigationr eliable to about0 .3 n.m.
enjoyed good cooperationw ith scientistsi n Germany, More recently, the Global Positioning satellite system
France, New Zealand, Japan, Norway, Australia, United (GPS) has come on-line and, though still not fully
Kingdom, South Africa, Poland, and Italy in the functional,h as yielded continuous(f or portionso f the day)
preparation of the synthesis data base and the atlas. positioningin formationa ccurateto a few tenso f metersi n
Unfortunately, we have had virtually no access to the selectedg eographics ectors.O nly the data collecteds ince
important but largely unpublishedd ata collected by the the mid-1980s have benefited from this vast improvement
Soviets.A ll the available data, publishedo r suppliedb y in navigationalc apability, and therefore few of the data
collaborators both within the United States and from the presentedh ere representp ositioninga ccuracieso f GPS
countries mentioned above, have been incorporated into navigation. Geosat and Seasat satellite altimeter
the mapsi n somef ashion.W e estimatet hatm ore than9 0% measurements have allowed derivation of the free-air
of all of the existingm arine geologicala nd geophysical gravityf ield over oceanica reas[ seeH axby and Hayes,t his
data collectedt hrough 1987 have been considereda nd are volume]. Becauset his gravity field reflects in part many
representedi n some form in this synthesis. Selected, key bathymetric features, it has been used as an
readily accessibled, ata collecteda fter 1987 (e.g., Ocean independentt ool for assessingt he existenceo f small
Drilling Program results) have also been incorporated suspectb athymetricf eaturest hat may in fact have been
where practical.N aturally, classifiedo r proprietaryd ata "mapped"e rroneouslyd ue to large navigationale rrorso r,
from military, industry,o r otherc ommerciacl oncernsw ere in fact, never mappedd ue to limited bathymetrics urvey
not available for inclusion in this compilation.W ith the tracks. Because the vast majority of the information
exception of those offshore regions adjacent to the presentedin this synthesisd raws on previouslyp ublished
continents in the northern part of the synthesis area interpretationsit, is assumedth at the originala uthorsh ave
(generally with presumede conomicp otential), there are made reasonable efforts to reconcile apparent data
few data that have not been included at least in a discrepancierse sultingf rom poor navigationacl ontrol.
summary/interpretativef orm. Table I1 (completeo n microfichei n pocket at back of
One of the difficultiese ncounteredin the geologicala nd volume) presentsa listing of the shipsw ith underwayd ata
geophysical synthesis of this large a region lies in in the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory( LDGO)
developinga data compilationra tionalet hat takesp roper marine geologicala nd geophysicadl ata base. Table I1 is
cognizancoe f the widely variabled ataq uality,d atad ensity, organizeda ccordingt o the compilations ector( see Figure
Copyrigh!t9 91 by the AmericanG eophysicaUl(cid:127)f ion. 1
Marine Geological and Geophysical Atlas
Antarctic Research Series of the Circum-Antarctic to 30°S Vol. 54
2 MARINE GEOIX)GICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL ATLAS OF THE CIRCIJM-ANTARCI(cid:127)C TO 30øS
I1) that the survey ship transited.F urthermore,T able I1 TABLE I1
consistso f two parts: one for data collectedf rom LDGO- NAVIGATION LIST SECTOR A
operatedv esselsa nd anotherf or data collectedf rom other
LAMONT SHIPS
vessels. in addition, the digital navigation Table I1
identifiest hosec ruisesw here digital data exist for gravity, Ill ,, ,,, ,, ,, ,,,, I "' , I, ,, ,HillIll,, ,,
magnetics,a nd topography (bathymetry). Many other CODE YEAR SHIP DATA
sourceso f hard copy data were considereda nd incorporated
in the synthesis in various manners even though the c0801 1963 Conrad GMr
associatedd igital information was not readily available at c0802 1964 Conrad GMT
the time of our data compilation. c I 103 1967 Conrad MT
All of the maps have been compiledu singc ommong rid c 1104 1967 Conrad GMT
sectors at nominal scales ranging from approximately c 1105 1967 Conrad GMT
1:8,000,000 to approximately 1:4,000,000. The c1214 1969 Conrad GMT
publication scale of these maps is nominally c1313 1970 Conrad C_,Mr
1:12,000,000 at 50øS, constrainedb y practical printing c1314 1970 Conrad GMT
limitationsB. ecauset he map area presentedc omprisess uch c1401 1971 Conrad GMT
a larger egion( moret han1 25 x 106kin2 . or one-fourtho f c1703 1973 Conrad GMT
Earth'se ntire surfacea rea), it is impossiblet o presentt he c!704 1974 Conrad GMT
complete level of detail that is known for selected c1705 1974 Conrad GMT
subregionsw ithin the map synthesis.E xamples of such c1706 1974 Conrad GMT
high data density regions include the continentalm argins c2711 1986 Conrad GMT
of southernA ustralia, New Zealand, and South America, as eel46 197 0 E!tanin T
well as portions of the northern Antarctic Peninsula,t he eel47 1971 Eltanin GMT
ScotiaS ea, and the Ross Sea and segmentso f the northern eel48 1971 Eltanin GMT
Kerguelenp lateau. Even though the full level of detail eel49 1971 Eltanin GMT
known for these regionsc annot be preserveda t the map eel54 197 2 Eltanin GMT
scaleu sed, the data that are presentedi n the synthesisa re i 1176 197 6 lslasOrcadas GMT
based on and are consistent with the more detailed studies i1277 1977 islasOrcadas GMT
of the areas mentioned. v1604 1959 Verna MT
A few "cartographico r compilation anomalies" exist v1605 1959 Vema MT
within the map synthesesI.n general, suchp roblemsa rise v1606 1960 Verna T
becauseo f the widely variabled ata distributiona nd quality. v 1809 1962 Verna GMT
Furthermore, for some published data the complete v 1810 1962 Verna GMT
informationt hat would allow various earlier compilations, v1911 1963 Verna GMT
when mergedt o conformi n style, was lacking.O ne is often v 1912 1963 Vema GMT
left with the choices of eliminating important data, v2010 1964 Verna G_MT
converting all data to standard formats using assumed v2011 1964 Verna GMT
conversionf actors, or degradingh igh-quality data to the v2204 1966 Verna GMT
lowests tandardo f data.T he philosophyw as adoptedt hat it v2205 1966 Verna GIT
was better to sacrifices ome significantc onformityo f style v2206 1966 Vema GMT
in order to presentt he most comprehensivea nd highest- v 2411 1967 Verna GMT
quality informationa vailable. v 2412 1967 Verna GMT
The tectonics map (Plate 7) is the one map where v2710 1970 Verna GT
significanti nterpretationw as incorporated.T he tectonics v2711 1970 Verna Gr
map focuseso n even further synthesiso f several of the v2712 1970 Verna Gr
disciplinary data sets relevant to large-scale (plate v2903 1972 Vema GMT
tectonic) tectonic elements. Since the evidence for the v2904 1972 Vema GMT
existencea nd loci of major plate boundariesc omesf rom a v2905 1972 Verna GMT
variety of sources, including earthquake data, satellite v2906 1972 Verna GMT
altimeterm easurementsd,i stributiono f seafloors preading v3409 1977 Verna GMT
magnetic !ineations, and marine morphology, it is not v3410 1977 Verna GMT
surprisingt hat the boundariesi nferred from each of these v3411 1977 Verna GMT
data sets typically exhibit some internal inconsistencies. v3501 1978 Verna GMT
Resolving such inconsistenciesis an important task, but v3620. .......... 1981 ..V...e. ma GMT
one that generally goes well beyond the scope of this
G = gravityd ata,M = magneticd ata,T = topographidc ata
study.T herefore,t o proceed,i nterperativeli censeh ad to be
[Exemi>laroyn ly- full tableo nm icrofichien pocketa t back]
exercisedi.t is fully recognizedth at the tectonics ynthesis
map may, in a few areas,a ppear to violate some of the
acceptedt enets of plate tectonics.T his is due to lack of tectonicp rocessesa nd productsw hosed etailedp roperties
data, inconsistency of results from different data may simplyn ot yet be knowno r appreciated.
sources/types,u ncertainties in the data, unrecognized It is important to recognize that although the maps
small-scalem anifestationso f plate tectonics,a nd plate constitute the elements of an integrated atlas, each
Marine Geological and Geophysical Atlas
Antarctic Research Series of the Circum-Antarctic to 30°S Vol. 54
HAYES' INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL COMMENTS 3
0 o
.iD
90 ø
180
Fig. I1. Sector Map. Map of the circum-Antarctic area showing compilation sub-sectorsa nd
their associated reference identification codes.
individual map can be viewed as a discrete entity with compilation process. Figure I1 illustrates the principal
individual authorsa nd credits. Credit for each map within longitudinals ectorsA , B, C, and D divided furthera t 50øS
the synthesisr ests solely with the authorso f that map. D. latitude to provide 12 subsectorsfo r the entire synthesis
E. Hayes has been responsible for the planning, region.
coordinatinga, nd generale ditingo f eachm ap as well as the The compilation of the glaciological and geophysical
map series as a whole. data from the Antarctic continent [Drewry, 1983]
The continental outlines for Antarctica and the comprisesa n important atlas that is most relevant to the
continentsb ordering the southerno ceans, taken from the atlas presentedh ere. The purposeo f the circum-Antarctic
World Digital Data Bank 2 coastlinesw, ere kindly provided atlas was to synthesizeth e data available from the region
by P. W. Slossf rom the National GeophysicalD ata Center. offshore from the Antarctic continent and not the
All maps have been compiledo n a commons tereographic continentalr egions; the usersa re referred to the excellent
polar projection grid (assuming a spherical Earth) at a compilation by Drewry [1983] and its complementary
nominal scale of about 1:12,000,000. In some cases it value to this synthesisis readily acknowledged.
becomes convenient to refer to the various subsectors of It is the intent and hopeo f the atlas authorst hat a special
the overall region that were employed during the volume of researchp apers, written in collaborationw ith