Marine Fog: Challenges and Advancements in Observations, Modeling, and Forecasting

540 Pages·2017·31.079 MB·English

by  Darko Koračin, Clive E. Dorman (eds.)

Springer Atmospheric Sciences
Darko Koračin
Clive E. Dorman Editors
Marine Fog:
Challenges and
Advancements
in Observations,
Modeling, and
Forecasting
Springer Atmospheric Sciences
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10176
Darko Koracˇin • Clive E. Dorman
Editors
Marine Fog: Challenges
and Advancements in
Observations, Modeling,
and Forecasting
Editors
DarkoKoracˇin CliveE.Dorman
FacultyofScience IntegrativeOceanographyDivision
DepartmentofPhysics ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography
UniversityofSplit UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego
Split,Croatia LaJolla,CA,USA
DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences DepartmentofGeologicalSciences
DesertResearchInstitute SanDiegoStateUniversity
Reno,NV,USA SanDiego,CA,USA
ISSN2194-5217 ISSN2194-5225 (electronic)
SpringerAtmosphericSciences
ISBN978-3-319-45227-2 ISBN978-3-319-45229-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-45229-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016958809
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017
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Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DarkoKoracˇinandCliveE.Dorman
2 WorldwideMarineFogOccurrenceandClimatology. . . . . . . . .. . 7
CliveE.Dorman,JohnMejia,DarkoKoracˇin,andDanielMcEvoy
3 EarlyandRecentObservationalTechniquesforFog. . . . . . . . . . . 153
CliveE.Dorman
4 TurbulenceinMarineFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
ChangKiKimandSeongSooYum
5 RadiationinMarineFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
ChangKiKimandSeongSooYum
6 SynopticProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
SupingZhangandJohnM.Lewis
7 MarineFog:AReviewonMicrophysics
andVisibilityPrediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
IsmailGultepe,JasonA.Milbrandt,andBinbinZhou
8 PrecipitationandFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
RobertTardif
9 ModelingandForecastingMarineFog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
DarkoKoracˇin
v
vi Contents
10 EnsembleFogPrediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
JunDuandBinbinZhou
11 Multi-spectralRemoteSensingofSeaFog
withSimultaneousPassiveInfraredandMicrowaveSensors. . . . . 511
EricM.Wilcox
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Contributors
Clive E. Dorman Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla,CA,USA
Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA,
USA
JunDu NOAA/NCEP/EnvironmentalModelingCenter,CollegePark,MD,USA
Ismail Gultepe Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research, Environment and
ClimateChangeCanada,Toronto,ON,Canada
Chang KiKim New andRenewableEnergyResource Center, KoreaInstituteof
EnergyResearch,Daejeon,SouthKorea
Darko Koracˇin Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Split,
Split,Croatia
DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,DesertResearchInstitute,Reno,NV,USA
JohnM.Lewis NationalSevereStormsLaboratory,Norman,OK,USA
DesertResearchInstitute,Reno,NV,USA
Daniel McEvoy Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute,
Reno,NV,USA
John Mejia Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute,
Reno,NV,USA
Jason A. Milbrandt Atmospheric Numerical Weather Prediction Research,
EnvironmentandClimateChangeCanada,Dorval,QC,Canada
Robert Tardif Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington,
Seattle,WA,USA
vii
viii Contributors
Eric M. Wilcox Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute,
Reno,NV,USA
SeongSooYum DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,YonseiUniversity,Seoul,
SouthKorea
Suping Zhang Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography &Ocean-Atmosphere
InteractionandClimateLaboratory,OceanUniversityofChina,Qingdao,China
Binbin Zhou I. M. Systems Group and NOAA/NCEP/Environmental Modeling
Center,CollegePark,MD,USA
Chapter 1
Introduction
DarkoKoracˇinandCliveE.Dorman
Abstract Marine fog has a significant impact on human activities and the envi-
ronment. A substantial portions of all accidents at sea worldwide occur in the
presence of dense fog. Fog’s disruption of marine transport, harbor activities,
coastalroadtraffic,andlifethreateningsituationsareofteninthenews.Fogtrans-
portsdropletsandtheirions,aerosols,andmicroorganismsthatalterthehydrologic,
thermodynamic, nutrient, and toxicological properties of ecosystems in coastal
regions. Fog also controls temperature and moisture conditions in coastal areas
and consequently affects vegetation and especially forest evolution. Some of the
highest degradations of air quality occur during fog under stable and stagnant
anticyclonic conditions. In principle, fog forecast models should resolve a huge
spanofphysicalprocessesrangingfromthecharacteristic10(cid:1)7mscalesofaerosols
tosynopticprocesseswithscalesof106m,whichmeanstherangeofthesmallestto
the largest scales is on an order of 1013 m. The main variables and processes
relevant to fog include aerosols and fog condensation nuclei; microphysics and
precipitation; advection; synoptic conditions; air-sea interaction through surface
fluxes ofheat, latent heat, moisture, andmomentum; airand sea surface tempera-
ture; ocean currents and upwelling; land-sea interactions and local circulations;
characteristics of low marine inversion and entrainment; and coastal topography.
Themaingoalofthisbookistoprovidecomprehensiveunderstandingofthemajor
processesleadingtoformation,evolution,anddissipationoffogbyusingobserva-
tions,modeling,andforecasting.Discussedtopicsincludefogobservationalinsitu
D.Koracˇin(*)
FacultyofScience,DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofSplit,RuđeraBosˇkovic´a33,
21000Split,Croatia
DepartmentofAtmosphericSciences,DesertResearchInstitute,2215RaggioParkway,
Reno,NV89512,USA
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
C.E.Dorman
IntegrativeOceanographyDivision,ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,Universityof
California,SanDiego,9500GilmanDrive#0209,LaJolla,CA92093-0209,USA
DepartmentofGeologicalSciences,SanDiegoStateUniversity,5500CampanileDrive,
SanDiego,CA92182-1020,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 1
D.Koracˇin,C.E.Dorman(eds.),MarineFog:ChallengesandAdvancements
inObservations,Modeling,andForecasting,SpringerAtmosphericSciences,
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-45229-6_1
2 D.KoracˇinandC.E.Dorman
and remote sensing techniques, worldwide fog climatology, radiation and turbu-
lence properties, microphysics and visibility parameterizations, effects of precipi-
tationonfog,anddeterministicandprobabilisticfogmodelingandforecasting.
Ingeneral,fogisaphenomenonthatweallexperienceinourlivesandimpactsour
activitiesandtheenvironment.Whenwewishtodiscussmarinefog,thefirststepis
toreviewthedefinitionoffog.WecanstartwiththedefinitionfromtheGlossaryof
the American Meteorological Society (http://glossary.ametsoc.org): “Fog is a
hydrometeorconsistingofavisibleaggregateofminutewaterdropletssuspended
in the atmosphere near the earth’s surface. According to international definitions,
fogreducesvisibilitybelow1km(0.62miles).Fogdiffersfromcloudonlyinthat
the base of fog is at the earth’s surface while cloud bases are above the surface.”
AccordingtotheGlossary,themainmechanismforfogformationis:“Fogsofall
types originate when the temperature and dew point of the air become identical
(ornearlyso),providedthatsufficientcondensationnucleiareavailable.Thismay
occur either through cooling of the air to its dew point (producing advection fog,
radiationfog,orupslopefog),orbyaddingmoistureandtherebyelevatingthedew
point(producingsteamfogorfrontalfog).Fogseldomformswhenthedew-point
spreadisgreaterthan4(cid:3)F.”TheGlossaryalsoexplainsfogsubsetsanddifferences
amongfog,hazeandmist.“AccordingtoU.S.weatherobservingpractice,fogthat
hideslessthan0.6oftheskyiscalledgroundfog.Iffogissoshallowthatitisnotan
obstructiontovisionataheightof6ftabovethesurface,itiscalledsimplyshallow
fog. Fog is easily distinguished from haze by its higher relative humidity (near
100%, having physiologically appreciable dampness) and gray color. Haze does
not contain activated droplets larger than the critical size according to the K€ohler
theory.Mistmaybeconsideredanintermediatebetweenfogandhaze;itsparticles
are smaller (a few μm maximum) in size, it has lower relative humidity than fog,
anddoesnotobstructvisibilitytothesameextent.”
Whileconsideringthemanybooksonbookstoreshelvesandinformationavail-
ablethroughoutthemedia,areadermightaskanappropriatequestion:Whyabook
onmarinefog?Also,moreprecisely,whyfocusonmarinefog?Theoceanscover
71% of the earth’s surface and contain 97% of the water on the earth’s surface;
however,duetoabundantmeasurementsoverthelandcomparedtoovertheocean,
land fog is much more investigated than to sea fog. Additionally, it should be
noticedthatmostlargeworldcitiesarelocatedincoastalregions.Duetoalackof
routine measurements at fixed locations over vast portionsof theocean, measure-
ments and predictions of sea fog represent a great challenge for research and
application studies. Because of the air-sea-land interaction processes, sea fog can
beadvectedtolandandappearascoastallandfogandviceversa.Anindirecteffect
canalsooccurwhenaerosolsoriginatingfromthelandaretransportedoverthesea
andinitiateseafog.Evensimpleadvectionofthemoistureduringseabreezesand
onshoreflowscanprovideenoughmoisturefornighttimeradiativecoolingandfog
formation over land. Consequently, fogs over the coastal sea and land can be
mutuallyconnectedandwecallthisjointphenomenonmarinefog.