Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes and Climate Change Impacts

182 Pages·2018·5.44 MB·English

by  Santosh Kumar Sarkar

Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Marine Algal Bloom:
Characteristics,
Causes and Climate
Change Impacts
Marine Algal Bloom: Characteristics, Causes
and Climate Change Impacts
Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Marine Algal Bloom:
Characteristics, Causes
and Climate Change Impacts
Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Department of Marine Science
University of Calcutta
Calcutta, India
ISBN 978-981-10-8260-3 ISBN 978-981-10-8261-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8261-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018939150
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Dedicated to my parents
Preface
Algal blooms, a recurrent phenomenon in freshwater and marine environment, have
been of major global interest as this biological nuisance brings a tremendous nega-
tive impact on the primary productivity and sustenance of other pelagic organisms.
The occurrence of bloom is triggered by eutrophication, i.e., enrichment with chem-
ical nutrients, typically total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP). There is
utmost need for better understanding of the effects of algal blooms on seafood qual-
ity, the complex physicochemical and biological interactions and subsequent tro-
phodynamics in order to develop the strategy for effective coastal zone management.
The book will provide a wealth of exhaustive information encompassing wide spec-
trum of important and upgraded topics relevant to algal blooms in regional and
global scale. The book endeavors to exemplify the characteristics and causes of
algal blooms, presenting very basic concepts of this phenomenon (such as Redfield
ratio, eutrophication, hypoxia, upwelling, and downwelling) as well as illustrative
and advanced account of harmful algal blooms (HABs) followed by the regional
case studies from vulnerable coastal as well as mangrove regions showing the nega-
tive impact on plankton community structure and finally impact of climate change
on the occurrence of algal bloom. Each chapter has its own identity, relevance, and
importance and is beneficial for wide audience to get access to advanced knowledge
of algal blooms in marine environments as a whole.
An exclusive chapter on “Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)” (commonly known as
“red tides”) has been devoted which is an emerging and potential natural ecological
and economic disasters, posing serious risks to human health, environmental sus-
tainability, and aquatic life (including endangered marine mammals). HABs refer to
a rapid proliferation of phytoplankton species such as dinoflagellates, diatoms, and
cyanobacteria in aquatic ecosystems. Nowadays, there are about 90 marine plank-
tonic microalgae capable of producing toxins and most of them are dinoflagellates,
followed by diatoms.
Considering its sheer negative impact of HABs in a regional and global scale, I
have given illustrative account of the following important topics: dinoflagellates –
an ideal potential agent for HAB; red tide and HABs; and five diverse categories,
such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP),
vii
viii Preface
amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and cigua-
tera fish poisoning (CFP) (seafood poisoning). HABs are seriously harmful because
of the vast array of biotoxins or “environmental chemicals” that they can produce
which can poison humans, land and aquatic mammals, fish, shellfish, and other
aquatic species. Most significantly, these toxins interfere with human and animal
metabolism, nerve conduction, and central nervous system processing of informa-
tion, as illustrated in subsequent chapters. The information would certainly add
value for better understanding of the occurrence and impact of HABs, which seem
to be very complex and of global interest.
The unique coupling of the three elements, eutrophication–HABs– biodiversity,
is challenging paradigms in a world of complex nutrient change. The global HAB
problem is on a trajectory for more blooms, more toxins and more frequent in more
coastal regions. In general, climate change is expected to result by the key environ-
mental factors such as higher sea water temperatures, light availability, nutrients,
more stratification, and hence more potentially harmful dinoflagellates and cyano-
bacteria. Other climate change effects such as wind and precipitation patterns,
altered oceanic circulation patterns and carbon dioxide concentrations further com-
plicate regional effects of climate change.
The book is intended to serve as a useful, reliable, and upgraded reference source
for a large section of people, such as coastal managers, students and researchers,
policymakers, and environmentalists, involving in coastal research and manage-
ment at regional and global scale. I trust that the book would provide better under-
standing and stimulate greater interest in the topic metal pollution and educated
public would come forward in taking dynamic role to reduce pollution as a whole.
Constructive comments and suggestions for improvement of the text are gratefully
appreciated.
Keywords Harmful algal blooms · HABs · Red tide · Management · Control ·

Monitoring
Calcutta, India Santosh Kumar Sarkar
Acknowledgments
I acknowledge the generous support from the following academicians and research-
ers who have shared their expertise and provided me with their constructive sugges-
tions and valuable comments: Drs. Jiang-Shiou Hwang, National Taiwan Ocean
University; Simonetta Corsolini, University of Siena, Italy; Krishna Das, University
of Liege, Belgium; Karla Pozo, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Emmanoel
V. Silva-Filho, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil; Jason Kirby, Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia; M.P. Jonathan,
(CIIEMAD) (IPN), Mexico; M.N.V. Prasad, University of Hyderabad, India; Rahul
Kundu, Saurashtra University, India; Jayant Kumar Mishra, Pondicherry University,
India; Dr. Mathammal Sudarshan, Inter-University Consortium for DAE Facilities,
Calcutta Centre, India; and K.K. Satpathy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic
Research, (IGCAR), India. The incredible support and technical assistance rendered
by my research students, Bhaskar Deb Choudhury, Ranju Choudhury, Dibyendu
Rakshit, Soumita Mitra, and Priyanka Mondal, as well as my daughter, Prathama
Sarkar, for preparing the manuscript are greatly appreciated.
For contribution of photography, I am greatly indebted to the following
scientists:
1. Dr. Mindy L. Richlen, National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms at Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, USA
2. Dr. Rut Akselman, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero,
Argentina
3. Dr. Christopher J. Gobler, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony
Brook University, New York
4. Dr. Kathryn Taffs, Southern Cross University, School of Environment, Science
and Engineering, Australia
I sincerely acknowledge the permission extended by the Editor, Indian Journal
of Geo-Marine Science, CSIR, New Delhi, India, for partly reproducing the follow-
ing research papers used in the book: Vol. 32(2), June 2003, pp. 165–167; Vol.
34(2), June 2005, pp. 163–173; Vol. 38(1), March 2009, pp. 77–88; Vol. 39(3),
ix
x Acknowledgments
September 2010, pp. 323–333; Vol. 41(4), August 2012, pp. 304–313; Vol. 43(2),
February 2014, pp. 258–262; Vol. 44(9), September 2015, pp. 1282–1293.
Some relevant information was also taken from the following web links:
http://www.ut.ee/_olli/eutr/
https://phys.org/news/2013-07-china-largest-ever-algae-bloom.html
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk
https://products.coastalscience.noaa.gov/pmn/_docs/Factsheets/Factsheet_
Azadinium.pdf
http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic528.htm
http://www.algaebase.org
http://www.epd.gov
Finally, I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Mamta Kapila, Springer (India) Pvt.
Ltd., Life Science and Biomedicine, Senior Editor; Dr. Judith Terpos, Senior
Editorial Assistant, Environmental Science; Ms. Raman, Daniel Ignatius Jagadisan,
Springer Nature, SPi Global, Project Coordinator; Ashok Kumar, Senior Executive
and Project Coordinator, Springer Nature, for their keen interest, full support, and
constant encouragement in the publication of the book. Last but not the least, I thank
my wife, Manjushree Sarkar, who tolerated my incessant work and extended her full
support and cooperation in completing the work.
I sincerely hope this would provide greater understanding and stimulates greater
interest in the topic metal speciation. Constructive suggestions for improvement of
the text are gratefully appreciated and should be addressed to the Springer.
Contents
1 Algal Blooms: Basic Concepts ................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 Redfield Ratio or Redfield Stoichiometry .......................................... 2
1.3 Eutrophication .................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Dinoflagellate Cyst as Biosignal for Eutrophication:
A Case Study ....................................................................... 8
1.4 Hypoxic Condition ............................................................................. 18
1.4.1 Hypoxia and Climate Change .............................................. 21
1.5 Principal Groups of Algal Bloom Causative Organisms ................... 22
1.5.1 Diatoms (Phylum, Chrysophyta; Class,
Bacillariophyceae) ............................................................... 22
1.5.2 Dinoflagellates (Phylum, Pyrrophyta; Class,
Dinophyceae) ....................................................................... 22
1.5.3 Blue-Green Cyanobacteria (CB) (Members
of the Group Cyanophyceae) ............................................... 23
1.6 Remote Sensors in Algal Bloom Monitoring .................................... 28
1.6.1 Specifications of Some Remote Sensors .............................. 31
1.7 Synoptic Account of Instruments Related to Algal
Bloom Investigation ........................................................................... 36
1.7.1 Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated with Tandem
Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) ........................................ 36
1.7.2 Optical Microscopy ............................................................. 39
1.7.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ................................ 40
1.7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) ................................. 41
1.8 Methodology Used for Studying Algal Bloom .................................. 43
1.8.1 Mouse Bioassay ................................................................... 43
1.8.2 ELISA Test for PSP Toxin ................................................... 44
1.9 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 45
References .................................................................................................. 46
xi