Table Of ContentMarine Algae
Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Environmental
Assessment, and Biotechnology
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Marine Algae
Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Environmental
Assessment, and Biotechnology
Editors
Leonel Pereira and João M. Neto
Department of Life Sciences
IMAR-CMA and MARE
(Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre)
University of Coimbra
Coimbra
Portugal
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A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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Preface
This is a book consisting of 11 chapters covering three thematic areas of
great impact in modern societies. Based on the main web site of algae
(www.algaebase.org), developed in Chapter 11, it includes a revision of the
taxonomy used on algae studies, as well as general aspects of biology and the
methodologies used in this sector of marine biology (Chapter 1). The second
thematic area comprises fi ve chapters (Chapter 2 to Chapter 5) focused on
the use of algae as potential environmental sentinels; the threats that algae
may represent when dispersed around the world due to the uncontrolled
commercial trades’ activity; and their use for a sustainable modern world.
Following the conservational concerns presently implemented in most
Western economies and some emerging countries, this information is of
vital importance for a proper management of aquatic environments, and
the sustainable management of their natural resources. The third area is
centered on the use of different strands of algae and its potential use in the
industrial sector: food (human and animal feed), pharmaceutical, cosmetics,
and agricultural fertilizers (Chapter 6 to Chapter 10).
This book is intended to fi nd a wide market of potential users, from the
academic fi eld, research institutions and industry, to government agencies
responsible for the implementation of integrated management of natural
resources and environmental quality assessment of aquatic systems. Two
added values of the book are: i) the wide experience the authors of different
chapters possess in different marine biology research areas; and ii) the
combination of the potential uses of algae in modern society (industry) with
a sustainable use of natural resources of aquatic ecosystems.
A special acknowledgement is addressed to our colleague Dr. Joana
Patrício by her great contribution and productive discussions had initially
to structure and select the contents of the book.
Leonel Pereira
João M. Neto
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Contents
Preface v
1. Marine Algae: General Aspects (Biology, Systematics, 1
Field and Laboratory Techniques)
Tomás Gallardo
2. Searching for Ecological Reference Conditions of Marine 68
Macroalgae
Rui Gaspar, João M. Neto and Leonel Pereira
3. Marine Macroalgae and the Assessment of Ecological 97
Conditions
João M. Neto, José A. Juanes, Are Pedersen and Clare Scanlan
4. Understanding Biological Invasions by Seaweeds 140
Fátima Vaz-Pinto, Ivan F. Rodil, Frédéric Mineur, Celia Olabarria
and Francisco Arenas
5. Marine Algae as Carbon Sinks and Allies to Combat 178
Global Warming
Francisco Arenas and Fátima Vaz-Pinto
6. Review of Marine Algae as Source of Bioactive Metabolites: 195
a Marine Biotechnology Approach
Loïc G. Carvalho and Leonel Pereira
7. Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy of Seaweed with 228
Potential Use in Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic
Industries
Leonel Pereira and Paulo J.A. Ribeiro-Claro
8. Kappaphycus (Rhodophyta) Cultivation: Problems and the 251
Impacts of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder
Anicia Q. Hurtado, Renata Perpetuo Reis, Rafael R. Loureiro and
Alan T. Critchley
viii Marine Algae
9. Marine Algae and the Global Food Industry 300
Maria Helena Abreu, Rui Pereira and Jean-François Sassi
10. Marine Macroalgae and Human Health 320
Sarah Hotchkiss and Catherine Murphy
11. Internet Information Resources for Marine Algae 357
Michael D. Guiry and Liam Morrison
Index 377
Color Plate Section 381
CCHHAAPPTTEERR 11
Marine Algae: General Aspects (Biology,
Systematics, Field and Laboratory
Techniques)
Tomás Gallardo
1 Introduction
Today, algae are not a taxonomic category. However, the term is very useful
for grouping both prokaryotic organisms, in which cell organelles are not
delimited by membranes, and eukaryotic organisms, in which they are.
Considering biochemical criteria, their ecological affi nities and common
photosynthesis with oxygen production, in this chapter we will focus on
both photosynthetic bacteria with chlorophyll a, division Cyanophyta, and
the different divisions of eukaryotic algae.
Algae are simple organisms. Many are unicellular, while others are
multicellular and more complex, but they all have rudimentary conducting
tissues. They also exhibit a wide range of variation from a morphological
and reproductive point of view. Algae are biochemically and physiologically
very similar to the rest of plants: they essentially have the same metabolic
pathways, possess chlorophyll, and produce similar proteins and
carbohydrates. Some algae, such as euglenophytes, dinophytes and
ochrophytes, have lost their photosynthetic capacity and live as saprophytes
or parasites. However, there are also representatives of other groups, such
as green algae, in which more than a hundred heterotrophic species have
been described. An essential characteristic which distinguishes algae from
other photosynthetic plants is their lack of an embryo and multicellular
Dep. Biología Vegetal, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Email: [email protected]
