Table Of ContentMAREK'S DISEASE
DEVELOPMENTS IN VETERINARY VIROLOGY
Yechiel Becker, Series Editor
Julia Hadar, Managing Editor
Payne, L.N. (ed.) Marek's Disease (1985)
MAREK'S DISEASE
Scientific Basis and Methods of Control
edited by
L. N. Payne
Houghton Poultry Research Station
England
~
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Martinus Nijhoff Publishing
a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Boston/Dordrecht/Lancaster
Distributors for North America:
K1uwer Academic Publishers
190 Old Derby Street
Hingham, MA 02043
Distributors outside North America:
Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Centre
P.O. Box 322
3300 AH Dordrecht
The Netherlands
The figure on the cover is from Purchase, H. G., "Clinical Disease and its Economic Impact. " Thefigure
appears on page 27 of this book.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Marek's Disease.
(Developments in veterinary virology)
Includes index.
I. Marek's disease. I. Payne, L. N. II. Series.
SF995.6.M33M37 1985 636.089 '692 85-7234
ISBN -13:978-1-4612-9635-5 e-ISBN-13 :978-1-4613-2613-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2613-7
Copyright © 1985 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
written permission of the publisher, Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham,
Massachusetts 02043.
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS ix
SERIES PREFACE xi
PREFACE xiii
1. Historical review 1
L.N. Payne
1
1. Introduction
2. J6zsef Marek and the first description of Marek's disease 1
3. Classical studies, 1920-1939 4
4. The middle period, 1940-1959 7
5. Events since 1960 11
2. Clinical disease and its economic impact 17
H.G. Purchase
1. Introduction 17
17
2. Occurrence of infection and disease
3. The disease during production 28
31
4. The disease at slaughter
5. Economic loss fran disease 37
6. Conclusions 39
3. Pathology 43
L.N. Payne
1. Introduction 43
2. Gross appearances 43
3. Histopathological and ultrastructural appearances 46
4. Lymphorra-o.erived cell lines 64
5. Transplantable lymphOIll3.s 66
6. Factors affecting pathogenesis 67
4. Characteristics of the virus 77
K.A. Schat
1. Introduction 77
2. Virus strains 78
3. Physical and chemical properties 81
4. Isolation and cultivation 85
5. Virus replication 92
6. Viral antigens 97
7 • Concl uding remarks 101
5. Molecular biology of the virus 113
L.J.N. Ross
1. Introduction 113
2. Viral deoxyribonucleic acid 113
3. Viral proteins 122
4. Replication 136
5. Oncogenesis 141
6. Concluding remarks 145
v
vi
6. Laboratory diagnosis 151
J .M. Sharrra
1. Introduction 151
2. Diagnosis of a field outbreak 152
3. Diagnosis of infection 163
7. Inrnunity 177
P.C. PCMell
1. Introduction 177
2. Expression of irnnuni ty 177
3. Inrnune responses to Marek's disease-associated antigens 180
4. Contribution of imnune responses to the expression of irnnunity 186
5. Imnunosuppression 193
8. Principles of vaccination 203
R.L. witter
1. Introduction 203
2. Types of vaccine 204
3. Responses to vaccination 208
4. Mechanisms of protection 214
5. Factors affecting vaccine efficacy 219
6. Investigation of vaccine failures 226
7. Comparative efficacy of vaccines 229
8. Strategies and perspectives 234
9. Production of vaccines 251
A.E. Churchill
1. Introduction 251
2. Production llEthods 251
3. Conclusion 264
10. Quality control and standardization of vaccines 267
Denise H. Thornton
1. Introduction 267
2. Safety 267
3. Efficacy 269
4. Purity 274
5. Standard preparations 280
6. Recorrmended tests 280
11. Genetic resistance 293
B.W. Calnek
1. Significance and historical aspects of genetic resistance 293
2. Expression of resistance 294
3. Mechanism of genetic resistance 309
12. Spread of Marek's disease 329
P.M. Biggs
1. Introduction 329
2. Spread of infection 329
3. Flock infection 332
4. Factors affecting the incidence of Marek's disease 335
vii
13 . Control of Marek s disease by the p:mltry industry:
I
practical considerations 341
M. Pattison
1. Introduction 341
2. Control by hygiene 341
3. Breeding for resistance 343
4. Control by vaccination 344
INDEX 351
LIST OF CXlNTRIBU'IDRS
P.M. BIGGS, L.J.N. ROSS,
Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton Poultry Research Statioo,
Houghton, Huntingdon, Houghton, Huntingdon,
Carobs., PEl7 2DA, UK. Carnbs., PE17 2DA, UK.
B.W. CALNEK, K.A. SCHAT,
Department of Avian and Aquatic Nsv York State College of
Medicine, Veterinary Medicine,
New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca,
Cornell university, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
New York, 18453, USA.
J.M. SHARMA,
A.E. QIURCHILL, United States Department of
Hemingford Grey House, Agriculture,
Hemingford Grey, Regional Poultry Research
Huntingdon, Laboratory,
Carobs., PE18 9DF, UK. 3606 East Mount Hope Road,
East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA.
L.N. PAYNE,
Houghton Poultry Research Station, DENISE H. 'lHORN'I'ON,
Houghton, Huntingdoo, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
Carnbs ., PE17 2DA, UK. and Food,
Central veterinary Laboratory,
M. PATTISOO, Nsv Haw, Weybridge,
Sun Valley Poultry Ltd., Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
Veterinary Laboratory,
Three Elms Trading Estate, R.L. WITTER,
Hereford HR4 9PX, UK. United States Department of
Agriculture,
P.C. Pa'JELL, Regional Poultry Research
Houghton Poultry Research Station, Laboratory,
Houghton, Huntingdoo, 3606 East Mount Hope Road,
cambs., PE17 2DA, UK. East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA.
H.G. PURCHASE,
United States Department of
Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service,
Beltsville Agricultural Research
Centre-West,
Roam 217, Building 003,
Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
ix
Preface to the series Developments in Veterinary Virology
It is my pleasure to introduce the first volume in our new series,
Developments in Veterinary Virology. Since virus diseases in domestic
animals and fowl are a major threat to the economy of all nations,
veterinary measures used to curb the appearance of epizootics in animals
are of major importance. With this series, we hope to expand the know
ledge on virus diseases which have a disastrous effect on agricultural
economics, and which are the cause of concern to veterinary services all
over the world.
Developments in Veterinary Virology will devote a volume to each of
the major virus diseases of animals and poultry, presenting up-to-date
knowledge in each area. Each volume will deal with the veterinary aspects
of a disease, and its causative virus from the biological as well as the
genetic engineering viewpoints, and will include material on the pathology
and epidemiology of virus vaccines and genetic resistance. The latest basic
and practical scientific developments will be included, so that the series
should be of special interest to practicing veterinarians and farmers.
Forthcoming volumes will deal with avian leukosis (G. de Boer, ed.),
bovine leukosis (A. Burny and M. Mammerickx, eds.), classical swine fever
and related infections (B. Liess, ed.), foot-and-mouth-disease (F. Brown,
ed.},and African swine fever (Y. Becker, ed.).
I hope that the present series will be instrumental in providing a
better understanding of current knowledge on virus diseases and the practices
used in their control.
I would like to express my appreciation to the editors and authors of
this and future volumes for their valuable contributions.
Yechiel Becker
Jerusalem
PREFACE
Take a disease of complex pathology with inflammatory and neoplastic
features, which affects lymphoid and neural tissues, belonging to a
disease group which killed one chicken in five, and which defied efforts
to understand and control it for !lOre than 50 years, and one can begin
to appreciate the interest Marek's disease has received. Canpound these
characteristics with the finding of the causal herpesvirus, its recog
nition as the neoplasm first discovered to be so caused, and its pre
vention by vaccination, and the special place of Marek's disease in
veterinary medicine and comparative oncology becomes clear.
This book sets out to provide an authoritative and corrprehensive
account of knowledge of Marek's disease and its control. I hope that it
will be of value to veterinary research workers, teachers and students
who need information about the disease, to veterinarians, poultrymen and
vaccine manufacturers who have to diagnose and control it, and to
oncologists in other fields interested in comparative aspects. other
reviews of the disease exist, of course, but this is the first multi
authored book devoted to the subject.
I have been fortunate in persuading many of the leading research
workers who provided much of our knowledge of Marek's disease to contri
bute to this book, and I am grateful for their participation. It is
also a pleasure to thank colleagues and friends at Houghton and else
where for their help in various ways. My thanks are due particularly to
Helen Tiddy, who mastered the word processor and produced the final
typescript for publication.
L.N. Payne
Houghton
xiii
