Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition

591 Pages·1999·24.69 MB·English

by  Maurice Meisner

MA015
CHlNA
AND AFTER
A History of the People's Republic
THIRDE DITION
MAURICE MEISNER
THE FREE PRESS
fp
TI:IE FREEPRE SS
ADivisi on ofS imo&n S chuIsntcer.
123A0ven ueo ft hAem ericas
New York,1 0020
NY
Copyright 197179,8b 6yT hFere e PresasD ,i viofsion S im&on SchusItern c.
@
Copyright Cll99b9yM auriceM eisner
Allr igrhetss erved,
inclutdhrighietn g reproduction
of
in whole or in part in any form.
1HE FREE PRESS andco lophateo ttademna.r ks
ofS im&o nS chuInsct.e r
DesignebdyC arla Bolte
Manufactured thUen itSedt aofte Asm erica
in
109 8 7 6 )3 42 1
LibJoary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Meisner, Maurice1]9.3,1 -
MaoC'hsi na ah isoftor tyh Peeo plRee'psu bMlaiucr/Mi eisnerc.e- 3rde d.
and after:
p. em.
Includes bibliographical
references and index.
1C.h ina-Hcy-i--s1-t9o49I-T.i deH.i storyo ft hPeeo plRee'psu blic.
II.
DS777 1999
55.M455
9JL05--dc21 98-31734
CIP
ISB0N- 68345--82(alkJ 6. paper)
Contents
theTh irdE diti�n
Pre/ace
to xi
PARTO NK THER EVOLUTIONARHYE RITAGE
I.Wes tern Imperiali= and the Weakness
ofC hineSsociea Cll as.s es . 3
2.TheD efecotiftheo n I neltlectuals . 10
3.The Abortivenesos fB ourgeois and ProlertiaRaenv olution.2 0
.
4.The MaoiRsetv oluandti tohnYae n 'aLne gac.y . 3.1
PART TWO,T HE NEW ORDER ,1 949-1955
5.The NewS ta.t. e . . 55
\._('The CitiThees R:i sande F aolfl NatiCoanpailtalism 75
7.LanRefdorm : TheB ourgReeoviosl uinti thoeCn o untrys. i9d.0e
8.The SocainaPodll itiCcoanls equoefIn ncdeuss trialization.1 03
9.A griculCtoulrlavelic ztai1ti9o5n3,- 1.957 129
PARTT HREE,U TOPIANIS,M1 956-1960
10.The HundrFeldo weSrocialisms,: BureraaucacynF,dr eedom.1 55
11Perman.ent RevoluThetio Ind:e oloOrigingiscal
oft hGree aLte a.p . . . .. . . . . .1 91
12E.conomics of the Great Leap Forward . . 204
13Th. e People's Communes and the
"lransition to Communism": 1958-1.960 214
PART FOURT HE THERMIDORIANR EACTION1,9 60-1965
14Th. e Bureaucratic Restoration . 245
-
15.Th e New Economic Policy, 1961-1.965 260
16Th. e Socialist Education Movement, 1962-19.65 273
PARTF IVK THE CULTURALR EVOLUTION
AND ITSA FTERMATH,1 966-1976
17Th. e Concept of Cultural Revolution 291
18Th. e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 312
19S.ocial Results of the Cultural Revolution . 352
20Th. e Mtermath of the Cultural Revolution and the
Close of the Maoist Era, 1969-1976 376
PARTS DC DENG XIAOPINGA ND THE ORIGINSO F
CHINESEC APITALIS1M9, 76-1998
21Th. e Legacies of the Maoist Era 413
22Th. e Rise of DengX iaoping and the Critique of Maoism . 427
23.Market Reforms and the Development of Capitalism 449
24Th. e Struggle for Democracy 483
25Th. e End of the Reign ofDengXiaoping: China in the 1990s 514
SelecBtiebodlg iraphy54 9
Index 569
Preface to the Third Edition
HE
T
MANUSCRIPTf otrh fei resdti toifoM na o'Csh inwaa sc om­
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addetdot hmea nuscrasiI pw ta sp repartiosn egn idtt oT heF rePer efsosr
publication.
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quartoefar c entuorfty h Pee oplRee'psu bwlaisca t imoefi mmenssoec ial
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oft hweo rldm'ossb ta ckwaarnddw retchleadn dDurings . thMea oe rtah e
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cialiCsomn.s picaumoounstg h fea ilourfwe hsa sto m anyo ncseo h opefully
celebraast" etdht er ansittosi oocni aliinCs hmi"n waa st haeb senocfae n y
serious attoct reemapttthe ee ssential democratic political preconditions
fotrh een visinoenwe ds ocMiaeotiy.sw ma sn oatd octrtihnaaetp preciated
thee lementtraultt hha "tt hsee lf-goveorfnt mhepenr to ducetrors e,c"a ll
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tioonfM ao'Csh ina.
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facatn d interopnrt ehbteaa stoiifnso e nwi nformoantt ihMoean o p eriod
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tioonft hlea 1t9e6 0Ins l.a rpgaerrtt h,se e coenddi twiaowsnr itttote ank e
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Chinaasa r esouflDte Xniga opirnegf'osr ms.i ntW hreeia trilnyg I1 980s,
interptrheuetn elde asohfmi anrgkf eotr caesas ne xpedtiose enrttv hene a ­
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cramtoinco ltihthas te emteods taansda ni mpregnbaabrlrteiob e ort h
sociaalnicdsa mp italism.2
Myc onclupsrioovener dr oneFooutrsh f.ea cotft hmea ttiestr h atth e
Communsitsatft aefrr,o mb eianngo bstatcoCl hei necsaep itahlaiss m,
beeni tess senatgieaanlnt dp r omoOtveertr.h pea shtv od ecadCehsi,n a
hausn dergtohmneoe s mta ssainvtdeh meo sitn tenesroiafvc ea pitdael­ist
velopmine wnotr hlids twohrayt,e Dveenrg Xiaaonpdoi tnhgCe orm mu­
nislte admearysh avien tenidne1 d9 7T9h.u st,h wrei tionfgt hteh ird
editoifto hnhi iss thoarbsye eunn dertakent ope rixmpaltrohiroelerigi y n s,
thpee cunlaitaurar netd, h seo ccioanls equoefCn hciensce saep italism.
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posMta-o China, bsrtioonrfgiy n Cgh itnhees e Ctootm hmeu ynleiaassrmt
oft hmei llentnhiyeue mat,rh aatl smoa rktshf ei ftiaentnhi veorfts haer y
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counatn,ad n a ttetmopp tr esaenin ntt elalniagilboylftse hi dese velopment
ofC hinceaspei tahlamisas dmte,h tee xlto ngtehrai nwt a isn t hper evious
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fluowuosr dasn dp hratsherso ugthhoteue txa tn d elimsiencattiiinonn gs
mya ccooufnt thM ea oe rdae alwiinteghv entthsas te efma lre ssisg nificant
anid nteretsotdtiahnyag tn h edyii dnt h1e9 70s.
Is houalldsn oo tteh atthtr ea ditioWnaadle -Gsiylsetsoe frm o manizing
Chinensaem easn dt erhmasbs e erne platcherdo ugthhobeuo to k tbhye
nowm orwei deulsyep di nysiyns tweimtt,hh eex cepotfbi ooonak nsa dr ti­
cleosr iginally wpiuttbhil tialsnehdnse a dm eosfa uthroernsd eirnte hde
oldfears hion.
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cleasn,dr epoornt sm odaenmdc o ntempCohriaryn May.d ebttost hem
aroen lpya rtiaanldvl eyri yn adequaactkenloyw lbeydb greirdee ff erences
tot hewirri tiinnt ghesen dnoatnedbs i bliogIfr eaaIph rha yv.ue s etdh eir
wortkoa rraitiv net erprmetaanotyfti hoendmso n osth are.
Ia mgr ateftuoml a nyf rieannddsc olleawghuoeh sa vree apda rotrsa ll
ofv arioeudsi tiooftn hsme a nuscroivpettrh yee aarnsd o ffered insightful
criticiasnmdss u ggestAimoonnsgt. h osweh ow erees pecigaelnleyr ous
witthh etiirm aen d'W isdoamr Deo nalKlde inJ,a meSsh eridAarniD,fi rlik,
RobeProtl lLiinnC, h unR,o beMratr kasn, dC uiZ hiyuIaa nm.i ndebted
toC arRli skfionar l lo\l.mrinegt ob orroswoh eavfirloyCm h inaP'osl itical
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mospte rceptivwer iottihAnengrdsI o. w e spetchiaantlko Fs r ederViacnk­
derbFiiletl adv ,e rys pecial friend.
Ia ppreceinaotrem outshleey n courageamnedcn otm mentaorfmi aensy
ofm yc olleaigntu heDese partmoefHn its toartty h Uen iverosfiWitsyc on­
sina-dMiseosnp,e ciTaheloldyo Hraem erov.a'n d StaKuntlleeByri .Bl rlo wn
andT omM cCormiwilckl n evekrn owh owm anyo ft heiinrs ightful com­
ments-mosmtaldyei nformoavlellryu ncahtt hCea spiCaanf e-eventu­
allfyo untdh ewiary i nttoh inse we dition.
Io wem ucht ot hger adusattued ewnhtosp articiipnma yts eedm inianr
modemC hinehsies tfoormryo rteh atnw od ecadaensdc ontribgurteeadt ly
tot hem akinogft hibso okT.h edyi ds ob yr aisainndgd iscusssoip negr ­
ceptimvaenlyyo ft hep robletmhsat th eb ooka ttemtpotd se awli thb,y
commentoinnv ga riobuista sn dp iecoefts h mea nuscrtihpaItts ometimes
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to
thepiarp earnsd d issertaIlt eiarnoendsa .g redaeta frlo mt hemI.c annot
namet heaml hle rbeu,tI m usgrta tefualclkyn owltehdsegp ee cicfoinct ri­
butioonfsB obM arksP,a uPli ckowi.Ccazt,h erLiynnec hL,e eF eigon,
BrendSaa nsoWma,n gY aan-iCe.Ke ,Ku ng,D anM eissnTeorm,L utze,
LisBar ennaann,dt hlea tLei nW einawnh,od ieadta tr agicayloluyn agg e.
Ia lseon ormouasplpyr ectiharet eep oorftM sa rilYyonu nagn dW illiam
JosepThh,eF rePer esosu'tss irdeea deorfts h nee wc hapttehrasmt a keu p
ParVIt. Theicro mmencthse ermeedc onsideartaa d brleya proyi inntt he
preparaotfti hofinenal versiaonndt, h esiurg gestsiaovnemsde f rommo re
erroorffs a catn do missiont htbeho aonnk o wc ontains.
BelateIdw liyst,ho e xpremsysw arma pprecitaoJt oiyocnSe e ltzfeorr,­
mers enieodri taotTr h eF rePer eswsh,o s"ec reaitnitveer venwteiroienn s "
goomde asurrees ponfsiotbrhl seee coenddi tainodnw hom adet hien itial
arrangemfeonrtt hsep ublicaotifto hni esd itiIo n.m ostg ratetfou l
am
BrucNei choplrse,s esnetn ieodri taotTr h eF ree Prfeohrsi ses,n courage­
menth,i psr ofessioannadhl iisssu mp,e mrabn agemoefnu tn rualuyt hors.
AndI w asv erfyo rtunaTtheeF raetPe r estsoh avteh eed itoarsisails tance
ofC aryn-AKimnyg ,w hos upplsikeidl l, encouarnadpg aetmieenntc,e -all
ina bundamneta sure.
My greatdeesbtit st oL yrm Lubkemawnh,o o,n b otmha tteorfss u b-
stanandc es tywlaes, g enerouwsi thhe krn owledagnetid m ea ss hies
as
withher l ove.
HarvGeoyl dbteorw gh;o m stehceo enddi tioofthisn bookw adse di­
cateddie,sd h oratlfytt ehrav to luwmaeps u bliTshhiensde .we ditiiosn
dedicina mteemdo orfyH arvey-grteahteoe fst te achtehrfiresm ,e sotf
friends, and thmeo slto yaclo morfa ind tehsbee,s ts enosfte h agtoo bdu t
much-abtuesremd.
M.M.
MadisWo1Sncon,s in
Augus1t9 98
NOTES
1.M aurice Meisner, Mao'Chinas (New The Free Press, 1977), 386-89.
YOrk: pp.
2.M aurice Meisner, Mao'rChina and After (NewYor k: The FreePre ss1,98 6), pp. 482--85.
PART ONE
THE
REVOLUTiOANRY
HERLTAGE