manure application level and its effects on permanent grassland herbage quality

189 Pages·2013·2.85 MB·English

Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources
Department of Animal Nutrition

NutriNET 2013

Nitra, 2013
Editors: Dr.h.c. prof. Ing. Daniel Bíro, PhD.
doc. Ing. Milan Šimko, PhD.
Gabriela Zelinková

Reviewers: doc. Ing. Marcela Capcarová, PhD.
doc. Ing. Branislav Gálik, PhD.
doc. Ing. Erika Horniaková, PhD.
doc. Ing. Miroslav Juráček, PhD.
Ing. Anna Kalafová, PhD.
doc. Ing. Adriana Kolesárová, PhD.
Ing. Michal Rolinec, PhD.

Approved by rector of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
on August 27, 2013 as a proceedings of reviewed scientific papers.

ISBN 978-80-552-1065-0
CONTENT

Manure application level and its effects on permanent grassland herbage
quality
Beňová, D. – Jančová, M. – Pollák, Š. ............................................ 7

Dietetics evaluation of fermentation process in ensilaged feedstuffs
Bujňák, L. – Maskaľová, I. – Vajda, V. .......................................... 11

Dry period management - shortened or conventional dry period?
Čermáková, J. – Doležal, P. – Kudrna, V. – Tyrolová, Y. .............. 15

Effect of corn gluten meal supplementation on production and selected
variables of intermediary metabolism in pheasant chicks
Demeterová, M. – Šamudovská, A. – Maskaľová, I.– Sopoliga, I. 21

Effect of oral administration of strawberry leaves on haematological
parameters of male rabbits: four week exposure
Emrichová, J. – Kalafová, A. – Zbynovska, K. – Petruška, P. –
Ondruška, L. – Jurčík, R. – Chrastinová, L. – Kováčik, A. –
Schneidgenová, M. – Cupka, P. – Capcarová, M. .......................... 25

The effect of addition of yeast culture on density colostrum breeding
Fröhdeová, M. – Mlejnková, V. – Doležal, P. ................................ 30

Maize silage macroelements digestibility in nutrition of young horses
Gálik, B. – Bíro, D. – Halo, M. - Rolinec, M. – Šimko, M. –
Juráček, M. – Krajčiová, K. – Pastierik, O. – Saleh, A. .................. 35

Fatty acid profile in muscles of fattened pheasant chicks
Humpolcová, P. – Straková, E. – Suchý, P. – Zapletal, D. ............. 39

Effect of addition garlic extract in broiler feed mixture
Jakubcová, Z. – Mrkvicová, E. – Horký, P. – Mrázková, E. .......... 43

The influence of grass component and the cut order on N-fractions in
lucerne
Jirmanová, J. – Hakl, J. – Šantrůček, J. ........................................... 48

Effect of hybrid on fermentation quality of maize silages
Juráček, M. – Bíro, D. – Šimko, M. – Gálik, B. –
Rolinec, M. – Ševčík, P. - Majlát, M. – Gajdošík, P. – Gura, M. –
Struhár, P. ........................................................................................ 53

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Evaluation of nitrogen fractions in ruminant nutrition
Koukolová, M. - Koukolová, V. - Homolka,P. ............................. 57

Incidence and causes of ketosis in the high-producing dairy cows
Krempaský, M. – Maskaľová, I. – Bujňák, L. – Vajda, V. ............. 63

Development of red clover digestibility according to in vitro method
Kubát, V. – Jančík, F. – Čermák, B. – Homolka, P. ....................... 69

Effect of Jerusalem artichoke on growth performance and healt status of
broiler rabbits
Kvaček, J. – Dokoupilová, A. ......................................................... 73

Effect of temperature on organic matter digestibility of maize silages
Majlát, M. – Ševčík, P. – Juráček, M. – Bíro, D. – Šimko, M. –
Gálik, B. – Rolinec, M. – Pastierik, O. – Schubertová, Z. .............. 79

Influence of the plant extracts on enzymatic activities in the digestible
apparatus and growth of monogastric animals
Marcin, A. – Naď, P. ....................................................................... 84

Influence of fusarium toxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin on steroid
hormones secretion by ovarian granulosa cells in vitro
Maruniaková, N. – Kádasi, A. – Medveďová, M. – Halenár, M. –
Sirotkin, A. V. – Bulla, J. – Kolesárová, A. .................................... 88

Effect of protein nutrition on rumen transformation and intermediary
metabolism of dairy cows
Maskaľová, I. – Vajda, V. – Bujňák, L. .......................................... 93

Nutrient content of different morphological parts of maize hybrids dent
and dent x flint and their rumen degradation
Mlyneková, Z. – Čerešňáková, Z. ................................................... 97

Course of pH changes in the rumen of dairy cows during the day
Mrázková, E. – Mrkvicová, E. – Jakubcová, Z. – Zeman, L. ......... 104

Production efficiency and dietetic value of alfalfa in relation to growing
conditions and stage of vegetation
Naď, P. – Skalická, M. – Marcin, A. .............................................. 108

Effect of group overcrowding on dry matter intake
Nagy, M. ......................................................................................... 113

4
Energy value and fermentative process of maize silage hybrids across the
preffered FAO range
Pastierik, O. – Šimko, M. – Juráček, M. – Bíro, D. - Gálik, B. –
Rolinec,M. ....................................................................................... 117

The comparison of the contents of basic nutrients in pasture vegetation
Pejchová, K. – Vazdová, P. – Jílková, L. – Čermák, B. – Lád, F. –
Kobes, M. ........................................................................................ 122

Effect of using probiotic as alternative to antibiotic on broilers
performance
Saleh, A. Ahmed – Ahmed A. Mohammed, Hannaa Abd El-Kader –
Khairy Amber – Gálik, B. ............................................................... 128

Effect of Nigella seed oil and avilamycin on growth performance in
broiler chickens
Saleh, A. Ahmed – Gálik, B. ........................................................... 133

Minerals and heavy metals in winter barley biomass at tillering stage in
the area Žiar nad Hronom
Schubertová, Z. – Šimko, M. – Juráček, M. – Gálik, B. – Majlát, M.
– Páleník,L. ................................................................................ 139

Increasing of fat nutritive value in raw cow´s milk by different feeding
systems by dairy cows
Sharaf Eldeen Idriss – Kirchnerová, K. – Vršková, M. – Foltys, V. 145

Use of oxihumolite in diet for pheasant hens in the lying period
Sopoliga, I. – Demeterová, M. – Šamudovská, A. .......................... 151

The influence of growth and nutrients utilization in broiler chicks by feed
supplementation of -glucan and oxyhumolite
Šamudovská, A. – Demeterová, M. ................................................ 155

Effect of nutrition on level of protein and energy metabolism in transition
period of dairy cows
Vajda, V. – Maskaľová, I. – Bujňák, L. .......................................... 159

Monitoring of changes in nutritional value of grains after treatment with
low-temperature plasma discharge
Vazdová, P. – Lád, F. – Kříž, P. – Havelka, Z. – Pejchová, K. ...... 163

5
The use of phytocenological images for evaluation of a nutritional value
of pasture vegetation
Veselý, P. – Přidal, A. ..................................................................... 168

Verification methods anaerobic degradation and acid hydrolysis as an
image of use of the organic matter ration of dairy cows
Volfová, K. – Kolář, L. – Frelich, J. – Tonka, T. ............................ 172

Protein quality evaluation of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and
millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) by biological methods and PDCAAS
method
Vršková, M. - Bencová, E. – Foltys, V. - Polačiková, M. – Kiššová,
O. – Tomíková, A. – Čičová, I. ........................................ 177

Allometric growth of copper, zinc, manganese and iron in laying- and
meat-type chickens during the first weeks of live
Zelenka, J. ....................................................................................... 184

6
MANURE APPLICATION LEVEL AND ITS EFFECTS
ON PERMANENT GRASSLAND HERBAGE QUALITY
BEŇOVÁ, D. – JANČOVÁ, M. – POLLÁK, Š.
Plant Production Research Center Piešťany, Grassland and Mountain
Agriculture Research Institute, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

Abstract
A research trial was established on permanent grassland at Suchý
vrch site over 2007 – 2009. The research objective was to study effects
of different manure application rates on the nutrient content and the
nutritive value of fresh herbage. The research trial was arranged into
blocks with four replicates and the following treatments: Treatment 1
(V1): non-fertilized control; Treatment 2 (V2): 40 kg N.ha-1; Treatment
3 (V3): 80 kg N.ha-1 and Treatment 4 (V4): 120 kg N.ha-1. As the
manure rates were rising, the contents of dry matter (DM) and fibre
were decreasing, while the crude protein (CP) content was increasing in
fresh herbage. The highest values of the protein digested in the small
intestine when nitrogen is limiting (PDIN; 92.82 g.kg-1 DM), the
protein digested in the small intestine when energy is limiting (PDIE;
85.01 g.kg-1 DM) and also the productive milk potential (PMP ) were
PDI
recorded at the respective V4 treatments. Any statistically significant
effects of the manure application rates on the energy parameters - i.e.
the net energy for lactation (NEL); the net energy for gain (NEG) and
metabolisable energy (ME) – were not found.

Materials and Methods
The research site Suchý vrch was located near Banská Bystrica
(altitude 480 m; Cambisol; mild climatic region). The trial was
established by the method of blocks (four replicates) at permanent
grassland. The trial treatments of manure application were as follows
(the rates are given as net nutrients): Treatment 1 (V1): non-fertilized
control; Treatment 2 (V2): 40 kg N.ha-1; Treatment 3 (V3): 80 kg N.ha-
1 and Treatment 4 (V4): 120 kg N.ha-1. The manure was applied to the
permanent grassland in the autumn of 2006. The sward was utilized
under the three-cut system: the 1st cut at the onset of grass earing; the
2nd cut followed 35 days after the 1st cut and the 3rd cut was performed
7 - 8 weeks after the 2nd cut. After the cuts, fresh herbage samples (500
g each) were taken from all the trial treatments to be analysed in the
laboratory where the following parameters were determined: dry matter
(DM) content, crude protein (CP) content (N x 6.25), fat, ash and fibre.
The herbage samples were taken and the laboratory analyses were
performed in compliance with the specific instructions for forage
sampling and analyses as defined in the Decree of the Ministry of
Agriculture of the Slovak Republic No. 2145/2004-100; the Decree of
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the Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic No. 1497/4/1997-
100 as well as the Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak
Republic No. 149/2/2003-100, respectively.
The content of nutrients determined in the laboratory was used to
calculate the nutritive value of herbage using the equations as defined
by the Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Slovak Republic
No. 39/1/2002-100. The following parameters of nutritive value were
specified: the protein digested in the small intestine when nitrogen is
limiting (PDIN), the protein digested in the small intestine when energy
is limiting (PDIE), the net energy for lactation (NEL), the net energy
for gain (NEG) and the metabolisable energy (ME). The theoretical
production efficiency (PE), which was specified as the productive milk
potential (PMP) and given as kilograms of the 4% fat-corrected milk
(FCM), was calculated for PMP (PDI/50) and also for PMP
PDI NEL
(NEL/3.13). The data were processed by calculating the arithmetical
means and submitted to the analysis of variance (Anova) and Tukey test
at the significance levels of P < 0.05 and P < 0.01.

Results and Discussion
The nutrient content was assessed (Table 1). The highest DM
content (278.70 g.kg-1) was found at Treatment 1 and then the linear
decrease towards Treatment 4 (239.15 g.kg-1) was recorded. The effects
of fertilizer application level were confirmed by the correlation
equation (y = - 12.91 x + 293.71) and by the coefficient of correlation
(r = - 0.3265++).
Mean nutrient content and nutritive value of herbage at permanent grassland over 2007 - 2009 Table 1
Fresh herbage Crude Fibre
Mean values DM content protein Fat Ash content PDIN PDIE NEL NEG ME PMPNEL PMPPDI
(g.kg-1) g.kg-1 DM g.kg-1 DM MJ.kg-1 DM kg FCM
1 278,70 116,42 29,59 81,82 212,82 74,05 78,35 5,11 4,84 8,79 1,63 1,48
2 269,17 122,83 31,59 85,71 207,45 78,13 79,60 5,09 4,81 8,76 1,63 1,56
treatment
3 258,71 133,57 33,78 85,10 200,39 84,96 82,04 5,10 4,82 8,79 1,63 1,67
4 239,15 144,98 31,27 85,26 194,40 92,22 85,01 5,11 4,83 8,81 1,63 1,84
Tukey HSD test - ++ + - + ++ ++ - - - - ++
Hd 0,05 54,347 17,573 3,980 10,215 14,764 11,178 4,973 0,216 0,264 0,317 0,069 0,223
Hd 0,01 67,861 21,944 4,981 12,755 18,436 13,958 6,210 0,269 0,329 0,396 0,086 0,279
non-significant - ; significant P < 0,05 +; significant P < 0,01 ++
A relationship was found between the crude protein content and the
level of manure application (r = 0.5487++) where the highest CP content
(144.98 g.kg-1 DM) was recorded at the respective Treatments 4 and the
lowest one (116.42 g.kg-1 DM) was at the respective Treatments 1 (the
non-fertilized controls). The differences in the CP content were
significant (P < 0.05) between the Treatments 1 : 4 and 2 : 4,
respectively. As shown in Figure 1, when the content of DM in herbage
was increasing, the CP content was decreasing and the relationship was
confirmed by the correlation equation (y = - 0.3257 x + 214.61) and by
the coefficient of correlation (r = - 0.7331++).
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An assessment of CP content in permanent grassland may be based
on a range of criteria, but the most important of them is to cover the
need of digestible crude protein in the basic feeding ration according to
the animal performance. In terms of a required amount of CP in feeds
for ruminants, Královec and Rais (1991) specified it as 75 – 150 g.kg-1
DM, while Novák (2008) reported that 120 g.kg-1 DM covers the need
for nitrogen in feeds even for high-performing dairy cows. Labuda et
al. (1979) considered the CP content in feeds below 180 – 190 g.kg-
1DM as favourable for the needs of ruminants. In the presented
research, the content of CP in fresh herbage ranged between 116.42 –
144.98 g.kg-1 DM throughout the trial period.
The fibre content depends on the botanical composition, above all
on the plant-growth phase at the harvesting. Very low fibre content
makes the forage intake difficult, while a very high content of fibre is
limiting the digestibility. The fibre content in bulky feeds is influencing
the digestibility as well as the digestive tract of animals. Labuda et al.
(1975) specified the content of fibre ranging from 180 to 220 g.kg-1
DM as the optimum one. In the presented research trial, the recorded
fibre content ranged between 194.40 and 212.82 g.kg-1 DM, which was
within the range specified for livestock nutrition. There were
significant differences found in the fibre content between the
Treatments 1: 4 (P < 0.05). The highest fibre content (212.82 g.kg-1
DM) was recorded at Treatment 1, with the subsequent linear decrease
in the fibre content at Treatment 4, what is in correlation (r = -
0.3707++) with the increasing application rate of manure. With the
rising content of DM in herbage, the fibre content was increasing (r =
0.311++) at all the research trial treatments.
The nutritive value of permanent grassland is determined by the
protein (PDIN, PDIE) and energy (NEL, NEG, ME) values, which are
in a close relation to the chemical composition of herbage. Due to the
fact that the highest CP content was recorded at the respective
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Treatments 4, also the values of PDIN (92.22 g.kg-1 DM), PDIE (85.01
g.kg-1 DM) and PMP (1.84 kg FCM) were significantly the highest
PDI
ones at the Treatment 4. At these parameters of nutritive value, the
significant differences were found between the Treatments 1:4 and the
Treatments 2 : 4, respectively. Presumably, this fact relates to the high
CP content at these trial treatments. The values of PDIN and PDIE
were increasing with the rising manure application rate, as confirmed
by the coefficients of correlation for PDIN (r = 0.5487++) and PDIE (r =
0.5613++). Any statistical significance was not found for the factor of
fertilization treatments at the nutritive value parameters.

Conclusions
High DM content as well as the significantly highest fibre content
was found at Treatment 1, the control without manure application. The
highest CP content was found at the treatment with the highest rate of
manure applied. The content of CP and fibre was in agreement with the
needs of livestock nutrition at all the trial treatments throughout the
research period. The increase in manure application rates resulted in
decreased DM content ((r = - 0.3265++) and also decreased fibre content
(r = - 0.3707++), while there was an increase in the content of CP (r =
0.5487++), PDIN (r = 0.5487++) and PDIE (0.5613++). The highest
values of PDIN, PDIE and PMP were recorded in the herbage from
PDI
the respective Treatments 4. At the parameters of energy (NEL, NEG,
ME), the factor of trial treatments was not confirmed as the statistically
significant.

Reference
Královec, J. – Rais, I. 1991. Kvalita pastevní píce při stoupajících
dávkách dusíku. In Rostlinná výroba, roč. 37, č, 5. pp. 427–434. ISSN
0370-663X.
Labuda, J. et al. 1975. Výživa a kŕmenie hospodárskych zvierat.
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Labuda, J. et al. 1979. Racionalizácia výživy a kŕmenia hovädzieho
dobytka a ošípaných. Bratislava: Príroda, pp. 219.
Novák, J. 2008. Pasienky, lúky a trávniky. Prievidza: Patria I., spol. s r.
o., 2008. pp. 708. ISBN 978-80-85674-23-1.
Decree of the Slovak Ministry of Agriculture No. 2145/2004-100.
Decree of the Slovak Ministry of Agriculture No. 1497/4/1997-100.
Decree of the Slovak Ministry of Agriculture No. 149/2/2003-100.
Decree of the Slovak Ministry of Agriculture No. 39/1/2002-100.

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