Manual of Protection Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents

274 Pages·2016·14.94 MB·English

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FOREWORD
.Pubolffiiccia arlcesh arwgietdthh r ee sponstiopb riolttiehtcheyte alotfh
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duringa n ucleianrci deIntpt r.o vides rapdriootlegocugtiiiodcnaa nlc e that may
beu sefodrr espontdioan nygty peo fn uclear ionrrci addieonltoe gmiecragle ncy,
excenputc lweaarr.
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incluadmeo,no gth er(s1e,)s tablPirsohtienAcgct tiiGvouiend e(sAP G s()2,)
prepagriuindga nocnie m plemePnAtiGnsig,n cluding recoomnm endations
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impleme,an ntipdnr gesenttirnagi pnrionggr faoSmrts a atneld o coaffilci alosn
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Thidso cumiesin ntt entdore eds ptoothn edfi rsttw roe sponsibilities.
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background oinnh feoarlrmthia satiknosodn,t hinfeorr matisounp potrhtei ng
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contaminfoaotdwe edrp eu blibsythh eeF do oandd DruAgd minisitrna1 t9i8o2n.
Theasrere e prihnetraeesCd h ap3tan edrA ppenDd.iR xe commendations for
PA Gsfo rr elocaartipeor ne seinnCt headp t4ea rns7d . A dditriaodniaalt ion
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ofth esPeA Gst,h ewyi blle r eexamainnrdee dfi naesnd e cessary,fo rp roposed
reviaenwtd,h erne commetnotd hePedr esiadsFe endte rraald iaptriootne ction
guidance.
111
This manual is bei,ng re-published to consolidate existing recommendations
in a single volume. As revised and additional recommendations are developed,
they will be issued as revisions to this manual. These revised PAGs are
appropriate for incorporation into emergency response plans when they are revised
or when new plans are developed. However, it is important to recognize that
regulatory requirements 'for emergency response are not provided by this manual;
they are established by the cognizant agency (e.g., the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission in the case of commer~al nuclear reactors, or the Department of
Energy in the case of their contractor-operated nuclear facilities).
Users of this are encouraged to provide comments and suggestions
mant,~al
for improving its contents. Comments should be sent to Allan C. B. Richardson,
Criteria and Standards I)ivision (ANR-460), Office of Radiation Programs, U.S.
Environmental Protectio:p. Agency, Washington, DC 20460.
'
ckk
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Director, Office of
Radiation Programs
Washington, D.C.
iv
CONTENTS
Page
Forew.o .r. .d.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
1. .O verv.i e..w. .. ......................1.-.1. ................
1.0I ntrod.u.c.t.i.o.n. .........·.. ...............1..-..1.. ..
1.1N uclIenacri Pdheanstae nsPd r oteAccttiiv.oe.n .s. ....1.-.2. ..
1.2B asfoirsS elecPAt Gisn. g . . . . . . . . . 1.- .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3P lanni.n..·g . ...........,.. ...1. .. ..... 1-6
• • • • • • • • •.••• • •
1.4I mplemenotPfar toitoeAncc ttiiv.oe.n . ..........1.-.6. ......
Refere.n c.e s. . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .- 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.ProteAccttiiGovunei dfoerts h Eea rPlhya osfae n A tmospRheelrei2ac-s 1e
2.1I ntrod.u.c..t..i.o.n. ................2.-.1. .............
2.1A.p1p lic.a.b.i.l.i.t.y. .............2.-.1. ............
2.1E.m2e rgPelnacnyn Zionnagen std h PeA Gs. .......2.-.2. ..
2.1I.n3c iPdheans.te. ..................2.-.3. ...........
2.2E xposPuarteh w.a.y.s. ................2.-.3. ............
2.3T hPer oteAccttiGivuioedn e .s. ..............2.-.4. .........
2.3E.v1a cuaatnSidho enl t.e.r.i.n.g. .........2.-.5. .......
2.3T.h2y raoniSddk iPnr ote.c.t.i.o.n. ........2.-.7. .......
2.4D osPer oje.c.t.i.o.n. ................2.-.8. .............
2.5G uidafonrCc oen troDlolstieoWsn o gr kers Under
Emergency C.o.n.d.i.t.i.o.n.s. ......2.-.9. .........
Refere.n .c e.s . . . . . . . . . . . .2 .-3 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.ProteAccttiGivuoein d foerts h Ien termPehdai(saFeto eao ndWd a te3r-)1
4.ProteAccttiGivuoein d foerts h Ien termediate Phase
(Deposited Radi.o.a.c.t.i.v.e. M.a.t.e.r.i.4a.-l.1.s .). .....
4.1I ntrodu.c.t.i.o.n. .................4.-.1. ...............
4.1E.x1p osPuarteh w.a.y.s. .............4.-.2. ............
V
Page
4.1.2 The Population Affected ........................... 4-3

4.2 The Protective Action Guides for Deposited Radioactivity ...... 4-3

4.2.1 Longer Term Objectives of the Protective Action Guides ... 4-4

4.2.2 Applying the Protective Action Guides for Relocation ..... 4-5

4.3 Exposure Limits for Persons Reentering the Restricted Zone .... 4-6

References .............................................. 4-6

5. Implementing the Protective Action Guides for the Early Phase ..... 5-1

5.1 Introduction ............................... , ......... 5-1

5.2 Initial Response and Sequence ofSubsequent Actions ......... 5-1

5.2.1 Notification ..................................... 5-3

5.2.2 Immediate Protective Action ....................... 5-3

5.3 The Establishment ofExposure Patterns ................... 5-4

5.4 Dose Projection ...................................... 5-6

5.4.1 Duration of Exposure ............................. 5-6

5.4.2 Dose Conversion Factors .......................... 5-8

5.4.3 Comparison with Previously-Recommended PAGs ...... 5-16

5.5 Protective Actions ................................... 5-17

5.5.1 Evacuation ..................................... 5-18

5.5.2 Sheltering .................................... 5-19

5.5.3 General Guidance for Evacuation and Sheltering ....... 5-21

5.6 Procedures for Calculating Dose Conversion Factors ; ........ 5-22

5.6.1 Extemal Exposure to Gamma Radiation from the Plume . 5-23

5.6.2 Inhalation from the Plume ........................ 5-23

5.6.3 Extemal Dose from Deposited Materials ............. 5-24

References ....................................... ·. . . . . . . 5-42 ·

V1
Page
6. Implementing the Protective Action Guides for the Intermediate Phase

(Food and Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6·1

7. Implementing the Protective Action Guides for the Intermediate Phase

(Exposure to Deposited Materials) ...........•............. 7 •1

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7• 1

7.1.1 Protective Actions ............................... 7·2

7.1.2 Areas Involved .................................. 7·2

7.1.3 Sequence of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7· 4
7.2 Establishment of Isodose-Rate Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

"7.3 Dose Projection . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

~\:
7.3.1 Projected External Gamma Dose .................... 7-8

7.3.2 Inhalation Dose Projection ..."~ ....... ~ ............ 7-14

7.4 Priorities .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

~
1.5 Reentry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . ; . . ·. . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ·7-17

7.6 Surface Contamination Control ...._... ................. 7-19

~
7.6.1 Considerations and Constraints .................... 7~19

7.6.2 Numerical Relationships ......................... 7-21

7.6.3 Recommended Surface Contamination LimitS· ... ~ ...... 7-21

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25

' .
i

8. Radiation Protection Guidance for the Late~J?hase (Recovery) (reserved) 8-1

TABLES
1-1 Exposure Pathways, Accident Phases, and Pr9tective Actions · ....... 1-4

2-1 -Protective Actions Guides for·the Early Phase .ofa Nuclear Incident .. 2-6

2-2 Guidance on Dose Limits for Workers Emergency Services 2-10

Performin~
2-3 Health Effects Associated with Whole-Body Absorbed Doses

Received Within a Few Hours (see Appendix B) . ·~· ............... 2-12

vii
Page
2-4 Approximate Cancer Risk to Average Individuals from 25 Rem

Effective Dose Equivalent Delivered Promptly (see Appendix C) . . . . 2-12

4-1 Protective Action Guides for Exposure to Deposited Radioactivity
During the Intermediate Phase of a Nuclear Incident ............. 4-4 ,
5-1 Dose Conversion Factors (DCF) and Derived Response Levels (DRL)

for Combined Exposure Pathways During the Early Phase of

a Nuclear Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

5-2 Dose Conversion Factors (DCF) and Derived Response Levels (DRL)

Corresponding to a 5 rem Thyroid Dose Equivalent from

Inhalation of Radioiodine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15

5-3 Dose Conversion Factors (DCF) and Derived Response Levels (DRL)

for External Exposure Due to Immersion in Contaminated Air . . . . . 5-25

5-4 Dose Conversion Factors (DOF) and Derived Response Levels (DRL)

for Doses Due to Inhalation ................................ 5-31

5-5 Dose Conversion Factors (DCF) and Derived Response Levels (DRL)

for a 4-Day Exposure to Gamma Radiation

from Deposited Radionuclides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37

7-1 Gamma Exposure Rate and Effective Dose Equivalent (Corrected

for Radioactive Decay and Weathering) due to an Initial Uniform

Concentration of 1 pCi/m2 on Ground Surface ................... 7-9

7-2 Exposure Rate and the Effective Dose Equivalent (Corrected for

Radioactive Decay) due to an Initial Concentration of 1 p(,'tifm

on Ground Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10

7-3 Example Calculation of Dose Conversion Factors for Gamma Exposure

Rate Measurements Based on Measured Isotopic Concentrations . . . . 7-13

7-4 Dose Conversion Factors for Inhalation of Resuspended Material . . . 7-16

7-5 Skin Beta Dose Conversion Factors for Deposited Radionu.clides .... 7-25

7-6 Recommended Surface Contamination Screening Levels for
Emergency Screening Levels for Emergency Screening of Persons
Vlll
Page
. ~·.;;,: ·;.:.~'
and Other Surfaces at Screening or Monitoring Stations in High
Background Radiation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 7-23
7-7 Recommended Surface Contamination Screening Levels for Persons
and Other Surfaces at Monitoring Stations in Low
Background Radiation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24
FIGURES
7-1 Response Areas . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . .. . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
7-2 Time Frame of Response to a Major Nuclear Reactor Accident ....... 7-6
APPENDICES
A. Glossary
B. Risks to Health From Radiation Doses that may ResUlt from
Nuclear Incidents
C. Protective Action Guides for the Early Phase: Supporting Information
D. Background for Protective Recommendations: Accidental
A~tion
Contamination of Food and Animal Feeds
E. Protective Action Guides for the Intermedlate Phase (Relocation)
. Background Information
F. Radiation Protective Criteria for the Late Phase: Supporting
Information (Reserved) ·
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1X
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