Table Of ContentM A N UA L
"
O F
E N GLI SH
GRAMMAR
AND
COMPOSITION
J .
O .
N E S F IE L D,
M
.A
.
AUTHO R
O F
‘ ENGLISH GRAMM A R PA ST
A N D PRE S ENT ,
’
‘ HISTORICAL
ENGLISH
A N D
D E RIVA TION,
’
E T C .
IN
SIX
PA RTS
I .
-PA RSIN G
A N D A N A LYSIS
II .
- COMPOSITION
FO R CE A N D
PROPRIETY OF DICTION
III. —
EN LA RGEMEN T OF VO CABULA RY :
FIGURES OF SPEECH
IV.—PROSE A N D
POETRY
V .—HISTO RY OF
THE
LA N GUA GE
VL—SOUN DS ,
SYM BOLS ,
A N D SPELLIN GS
A PPEN DIX ON
DERIVA TION S
M A C M ILL A N
A N D
C D. ,
L I M I TE D
S T.
M A R T IN
’S
S TR E E T,
L O N D O N
1 9 0 8
PUBLI SHERS
’ NOTICE
O WING
to
the increasing importance
attached to
Phonetics,
a
sixth Part bearing the
name
of Sowncls, Symbols,
and Spellings,
and consisting
of three chapters, has b een
added
to this book.
The first
chapter deal s w ith
“ Letters, A ccents,
and Syllables,
”
th e
next
w ith
“Vow el
-Sounds
and how they
are
spel t,
”
the
last w ith
Consonantal S ounds
and h ow th ey
are
spelt.
”
The
system follow ed in thi s Part Q
'
s that
on
w hich
all
the best
auth orities
on
Phonetics
are
agreed,
viz
.
Dr
. Sw eet,
Professor
Skeat, Miss Laura S oames, and Dr
. M urray (in the Introduction
to the Oxford Dicti onary)
.
Besides the new matter furnished in Part VI . , an A ppendix
on Derivations (mainly based on Skeat
’
s E tymological Dictionary)
h as been
added
at the cl ose of
th e book .
The Appendix gives
five different lists of Derivatives—the first
c onsisting of W ords
derived from Proper N ames,
th e
sec ond
Of W ords formed by
Composition,
the third
of D erivatives from Teutonic (mainly
A
. S .) Roots,
the fourth
of Derivatives from Latin
Roots,
the
fifth and last
of Derivatives from Greek Roots.
N othing has been
added to the price of th e book
on account
of the additional matter thus furnished, w hich consists altogether
of seventy-six pages.
CO N TE N T S
PA RT I .—PA RSING A N D A NA LYSIS .
CR A P .
1
.
A N ALYS IS
I N O UTLINE
2.
TH E PA RTS
O F SP E E CH
I N
O UTLINE : PHRA S E S
S ection 1 .
Th e Part s O f Speech
2.
Cla ssification Of Phra ses
3 . NO UNS
S ection 1
. Th e kinds of Nou ns
2. Gender
3 . N umb er
4 .
Case
4 . A DJE CTIVE S
S ection 1
.
Th e kinds of A dj ectives
2.
Th e tw o u ses of A djectives
3 .
Comparison of A dj ectives
5 . PRONO UNS
S ection 1 . Personal Pronouns
2. Demonstrative Pronou ns
3 . Rel ative or Conj unc tive Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
1 .
Th e kinds Of Verb s
2. Transitive Verb s
3 .
Intransitive Verb s
A uxiliary Verb s
5 .
A ctive and Passive Voic es
6
7
8
6 . VERBS
S ection
Conj ugation of a Verb in Finite Moods
Indicative Mood
Imperative Mood
9
. Subjunctive Mood
1 0.
Infinitive Mood
1 1 . Participl es
1 2. Gerunds and Verb al Noun s
1 3 .
Th e Strong and Weak Conj ugations
1 4. D efective, Irregular, and Impersonal Verb s
7 . A DVERBS
S ection 1
.
Th e Functions of A dverb s
2. Th e kinds of A dverb s
3 . Comparison of A dverb s
4 . Verb s c ompo unded with A dverb s
5 . Th e tw o u ses of A dverb s
PREPO S ITI ONS
CONJUNCTIONS
Section 1
. Co-ordinative Conjunctions
2. Sub ordinative Conju nctions
1 0.
INTERJE CTIONS
1 1
. T HE S AM E W ORD US ED
A S D IFFERENTPA RTS O F SPEE CH
SYNTA X
A N D PA RS ING
1 3 . A N ALYS IS
I N DE TA IL
S ec tion 1
.
S entenc es Simple, C ompound, and Compl ex
2.
S ch eme of A naly sis in Detail
3 . Degrees of S ub ordination
E x A M PLES
IN
P A RS ING
A N D A N ALYS IS
E XA MPLE S
I N DIRE CT
A N D
INDIRE CT NA RRA TI O N
PA RT II.—
COMPO SITION : FORCE A N D PROPRIE TY
DICTION
1 4 . PUNCTUA TI O N , O R
THE RIGHT US E
O F S TO PS
1 5 .
TH E NO RMA L O RDE R
O F WO RD S
1 6 .
INVE RS ION
O F
TH E NORMAL O RD ER : EMPHA S IS
1 7 .
STRUCTURE
O F S ENTENCE S
1 8 PURITY
o r D ICT ION
(D
C!
)
Vi
EN GLISH GRAMMAR A N D CO MPOS ITION
t HA P
PA G E
1 9 . PRO PR I ETY
O F D ICT ION
S ec tion 1 .
Common E rrors in the Use O f Common Words
2. Words u sed in Wrong S enses or Wrong Connections
PLUR ALS
IN
SPE CI AL S ENS E S
20.
P E R S P IC UI
'I
‘Y
O R
CLE A RNE S S
O F D I CTION
S ection 1 . Grammatic al Prec au tions
1 79
2.
Th e O b sc ure
1 80
3 .
The D oub l e Mea ning
1 83
21 .
S IMPLI CITY
O R
E A S E
O F D ICTION
1 89
22. BREVITY
O R TERS ENE SS
O F D I CTION
1 95
23 .
ELEGAN CE
O F DI CTI ON
204
2P
A
RT
III .—ENL ARGEMENT O F VOCABUL ARY : FIGURES O F SPE E CH .
4 .
ENLARG EM ENT BY COMPO S ITION
S ection 1 . Unrel ated or J u xta -positional Compo unds
2. Related or Sy ntactical Compounds
25 . ENLARGEM ENT BY P R E F I x E S
A N D SUFF IX E S
Section 1 . T eutonic Prefixes
2. Teutonic S uffixes
3 . Romanic Prefixes
4 . Romanic S uffixes
5 . Greek Prefi xes
6 . Greek S uffi xes
.
Some General Results, w ith Questions
26 . FIGURE S
O F RHET O RIC
27 .
ENLAR G EM ENT
O F VO CABULA RY BY ME TA PHOR
A N D M E TONYMY
PA RT
IV.—PRO S E A N D PO ETRY .
28. MA IN D IVIS IONS
O F PRO S E -COMPO S IT ION
S ection 1
. Classification a cc ording to Matter
2.
Cl assifi cation ac c ording to Form
29 . PRO S O DY
A N D
P O E T I C DICTI ON
S ec tion 1
. Prosody
2. Poetic Diction
30. MAIN D I VIS IONS
O F PO ETRY
PA RT V.—HISTORY O F THE LANGUA GE .
31 . O RIGIN
A N D GRO WTH
O F ENGLISH
S ec tion 1 .
E nglish and Cognate Langu ages
2.
O ld E ngli sh
3 . Middle E nglish
4 . Modern E nglish
32. BORRO WINGS
S ec tion 1
.
Celtic
. Danish
or L ater S c andian
. D utch
L atin
. French
Greek
. Modern Borrow ing s : Misc ellaneous
33 . NO TE S
O N
A FF I xE s
A N D A CC I D
D
E N C E
S ection 1 .
O rigin of T eutonic Affixes
2. Noun forms
3 .
A djec tive Forms
4 . Pronoun Forms
5 . Verb Forms
PA RT VI. —
SO UNDS, SYMBO LS, A N D SPELLINGS.
34.
L ET TERS , A C CENTS ,
A N D SYLLABLE S
35 . VO W EL-S OUND S
A N D
H ow
TH EY
AR E
SPE LT
36 . CONSO N ANTAL SO UND S
AN D
H O W
THEY
A R E
SPELT
A PPENDIX O N DERIVATIONS .
1 . W O RDS
D ERIVE D FROM
PROPE R NAME S
I I . W O RDS FO RM E D BY COMPO S ITI ON
O R BY
THE
A D D ING
O F PR EF IxEs
I
l ‘
I I. D ER IVA TIVE S FROM T EUTONIC (M A INLY A
. S .) RO O TS
.
1)I: R I VA T IV E S FROM
L A TIN RO O TS
v . D ER IVA TIVE S FROM GREE K RO O TS
IND E X
O F SUBJE CTS
A N D
S ELE CTED WORDS
c
ou
s
co
u
s
PAR T I . —
PA RSIN G A N D A NAL YSIS.
CHA PTER
I .
ANA LYS I S
IN
OUTLINE .
This chapter a ssumes tha t the student ha s a rough know ledge of
the P a rts of Speech to sta rt with .
1
. Sentence—W h en
one person
says something to
another,
or puts
w hat h e
says into
w riting, he
u ses
a
combination
of
w ords w hich is call ed
a
sentence
Fire burns.
H ere
fire
is
the thing talked
about.
The
w ord “ fire,
though it
names
the thing, does
not make
a
sentence.
It is a
name, and
nothi ng more.
It is only by
adding
su ch
a w ord as
“bu rns
”
to
th e w ord
fire,
that is, by
sa ying w hat
the thing
(fire) does, that w e can mak e a
sentence.
D efinition —A
sentence is a
combination
of w ords, in
w hi ch
something is sa id about something
else.
N ata —That w hich is “ sa id
may b e an assertion, ora c ommand, or
a qu estion,
or a w ish ,
or a n
excl amation,—w h atever, in fact,
c an b e
expressed by
a Finite
verb (on th e mea ning
of Finite verb
see
Thu s th ere are five different kinds of sentenc es
(a ) A ssertive,
affirming
or denying
.
(I ndica tive M ood. )
A man
’
s succ ess dep ends chi efly
on himself.
(Afi rma tive. )
H e did not get mu ch h elp from oth ers.
(N ega tive )
(6) Imperative,
c ommanding
or prohib iting
.
(I mp era tive M ood. )
R ely
chi efly on y our ow n eff orts .
( Comma nd, A dvice. )
D o not rely much
on th e h elp of oth ers.
(P rohibition . )
(c) Interrog ative,
a sking
a qu estion.
(I ndica tive M ood. )
H a ve y ou finished that ta sk i
(d) Optative,
expressing
a w ish .
(S u bju nctive M ood. )
Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.
(e) Exclamatory ,
expressing some emotion .
(I ndica tive M ood. )
W h at a foolish fell ow y ou h av e b een
2.
Subj ect and Predicate —Every
sentence, w h en it is
ex
pressed in full ,
consists of tw o parts, a S ubj ect and a Predicate.
E . G . C .
B
35
2
PA RSIN G A N D A N A LYSIS
PA RT I
In
a very Sh ort sentence like “ fire bu rns,
the w ord “ fire
(w hi ch is called
a N ou n) expresses th e w hol e
of the S ubj ect, and
the w ord
bu rns
” (w hich is called
a
Finite Verb) expresses
th e
w hole
O f th e Predicate.
How ever l ong
a
sentence may b e, it
can alw ays b e divided
into the same tw o parts as th e Shortest sentence
S u bject
(1) Fire
(2) A fierc e fire
(3) A
fierc e
fire, breaking
out
y esterday ,
(4) A fierc e fire,
suddenly b reak
ing
out yesterday
after
noon,
(5) A fierc e fire,
suddenly break
ing
out
y esterday
after
P redica te.
b urns .
burnt dow n my h ouse .
c ompl etely
b urnt
dow n
my
h ou se .
c ompl etely
b urnt
dow n
my
h ou se
a nd many oth ers in the
same street .
c ompl et ely b urnt dow n my house
a nd all th e oth er h ouses in th e
noon at four O
’
clock ,
same street exc ept five .
D efinitions—The
S ubj ect
of
a
sentence is
a w ord
or w ords
denoting w hat w e Speak
about.
Th e Predicate is a w ord
or w ords by w hich w e say something
about the thing denoted by the S ubj ect.
N ote 1
.—In gra mma r th e S ubj ect is not
w h at w e speak about,
b ut
the w ord or w ords den oting w h at w e speak
ab out .
Grammar
deals ex cl u si vely w ith w ords, a nd this fac t h a s to b e rec ognised in all
th e definitions .
N ote 2.—S uch
a
sentenc e
a s
Go
is
elliptic al .
H ere
the
S ubj ec t “ thou
”
or
y o u
” is u nderstood.
Still more
elliptical is
a
sent enc e in w hich
th e S ubj ec t
a nd th e Finite verb
are both u nder
stood
Compa nion , h enc e — S HA KS PE A RE .
TO
express this sentenc e in full , w e h a ve to say
Compa nion, go thou h enc e
3 .
N ominative or
its
equivalent —The
predicate-verb
has
for its S ubj ect
some
noun
or nou n
- equivalent
of
the
same
numb er
(Singular
or
Plu ral)
and
th e
same
person (First,
S econd,
or Third)
as
the verb itself.
Th e
nou n that
stands
as S ubj ect to
a verb is invariably in the N ominative case, and so
it is best to
call it a N ominative at once.
Fire Iburns .
Here “ fire
A pronoun is a
v ery
common form Of noun
-equi val ent
He
is standing
outside .
is the N ominati ve to th e predic ate -verb
burns.
W e c annot
say
Him is standing
outside.
’
S o the pronoun like
the nou n must b e in the N ominative c ase .
CHAP . I
A N A LYS IS IN OUTLIN E
3
A noth er form
of N ominative is
a
G erund
or Verbal
noun
ending in
-ing
Wa lking
is g o od for h ealth .
S ometimes
an Infini tive is
used
as
an
equivalent
to
th e
N ominative
.
To w a lk Iis g ood forh ealth .
S ometimes
a
cl ause (that is, a
sentence w hich
is part
of
a
larger sentence)is used as an equivalent to th e N ominative.
This
is call ed
a N oun -clause, because it does th e w ork
of a noun
Whom the gods love
die y oung —P roverb .
4 . Enlargement of N ominative—The N ominative is some
times
enlarged by a
w ord
or w ords
that
add something
to its
meaning
.
The
commonest form
of
enlargement
is
an
adj ective
or
a
participl e
and both forms of enl argement may occur togeth er
A fierce fire
A fierce fire, b rea king ou t y esterday ,
An oth er very
common
form
of
enlargement
is
a
n oun
or
pronoun in the Possessive
case
M y prospects
are not b ad.
A f orc
’
s tail
is O f a ta w ny
c ol our.
A nother form
of
enl argement is
a
noun
in
apposition (i . e.
referring to th e same thi ng
as the
other nou n)
John, the ba ker, h a s tak en a new
sh op
.
A nother form Of enl argement is a
preposition foll ow ed by
a
noun
!
b urnt dow n my h ou se .
My prospects in life
are not b ad.
A bird in the ha nd
is w orth tw o in th e bu sh .
S ometimes a
cl aus e can
b e used
to
enlarge
th e N ominative.
T hi s is call ed an Adj ectiv e
-clause, becau se it
enlarges th e n oun
a s an
adj ec tive w ould do .
Th e h ou se in w hich w e live Ih a s b een sold.
5
.
Finite Verb —A ny part
of
a verb
th at
can b e
used
for
saying
something
about
something
else (in
any
Of
th e
five
senses show n in
l ) is call ed Finite.
Th e
w ord
“ finite
” means
“ limited .
A Finite
v erb
is so
call ed , because it is limited to th e same person (First, S econd,
or
Third)
and
to
the
same
number (Singu la r
or P lu ra l)
as
its
N ominative
(a ) I see him.
(b) Th ey
see him.
In both
sentences
th e f orm
Of
th e verb
. “see
” is th e
same.
4
PARSIN G A N D A N A LYSIS
PA RT I
Bu t
in (a) the verb
is in
the First person , because
its
N om.
“ I
” is in th e F irst person, and in the Singu la r numb er, because
its N om. “ I
” is Singu la r
.
Similarly in (b) the verb is in
th e
Third person, because its N om.
“th ey
” is in
the Third person ,
and P lu ra l, becaus e its N om.
“they
” is Plural .
N ote —Those parts of
a
verb w hich
are not finite, th at is,
are not
limited to n umb er a nd person, are of three kinds —( l ) th e Infinitive
mood,
a s
I wish to reti re
(2) a Participle, a s
a retired offic er
(3)
a
Gerund
or Verb al
nou n ,
a s
I
think
of
retiring
.
Th ese,
though th ey are parts of a v erb , h a ve l ost w h at is most
essential in th e
v erb -ch ara cter
th at is, th ey do not enab l e u s to sa y
a ny thing
about
any thing else, a nd th erefore th ey c a n nev erb e th e verb of a Predic ate.
6 . Compl etion of Finit e Verb
.—S omeverb s mak e a complete
sen se by th emselves.
If so, they are
call ed I ntransitive verbs of
Complete Predication
Fish
sw im.
Riversflow
.
A ll
animal s die.
Other verbs do not make a
complete sense by themselves, b u t
require some w ord or w ords to b e added for this pu rpose.
S u ch
additional w ord
or w ords are
called th e Compl etion .
The Completion may b e eith er (a) an Obj ect, or (b) a Compl e
ment ;
and there is one class of verb (F actitive, see bel ow ) that
requi res both
(a) Obj ect
A verb th at requires an
Obj ect is call ed
Transitive.
Tran
sitive
mea ns
“passing
over
”
or
“passing
on .
”
A verb
is
Transitive, w h en
the
a ction den oted by it d oes
not
stop
w ith
th e doer, b ut passes on to
something
else
Ships traverse the ocea n .
He sh ot a tiger.
Th ere is
no
sense,
or at l ea st
a
very imperfec t
sense, in
saying
S hips tra v erse,
”
H e Sh ot .
”
A Transitive verb may
even have tw o obj ects
He a sked me a difficu lt qu estion .
To
say
“ h e
a sk ed
”
giv es
a
very inc ompl ete
sense .
He
a sked
me
brings th e sense a
step nearer to c ompl eti on .
But th e
sense is
not really
c ompl eted till w e say ,
“ He askedme a diffic ult qu esti on .
”
(5) Compl ement
This w ord is used
to d enote any kind
of
c ompl etion
except
th e
Obj ect
or
obj ects to
a
Transitive verb .
Transitive
verbs
w hich
need
a
c omplement
as
w ell
as
an
obj ect
are
called
Fa ctitive ; Intransitive verbs
w hich
need
a
complement
are
c alled Copul ative.
That gri ef dro v e him (Obj ect) ma d (Compl ement)
(F a ctitive. )
He seems to b e ma d (Compl ement)
( Copu la ti ve. )
CHAP .
I
A N A LYSIS
IN
OUTLIN E
5
If w e omit th e
c ompl ement,
a nd say
“ That grief drove him,
or
H e
seems,
th e
sentenc es
are
almost meaningl ess.
It
is
th e
c ompl ement w hich furnish es w hat w a s w anted to c omplete th e sense
in eith er sentenc e.
7 .
Exten sion of Finite Verb —The Finite verb is said to b e
extend ed ,
”
w h en
its meaning
is in creased by
an
adverb
or
by some w ord
or w ords th at h ave the force of an
adverb
Th at grief nea rly drove him mad.
That gri ef drove him mad a ll of
a
sudden .
Here
the
meaning
of
“drove
is
extended
in
th e
first
sentence by
th e
adverb
nea rly,
and
in
th e
second by
the
adverbial phrase
a ll
of
a
sudden .
S ometimes
th e
Finite verb
is
extended by
a
clause.
A
clause so used is call ed
an Adverb
-cl ause, becaus e it has the force
of an
adverb
The new s drov e him mad,
a s soon
a s he hea rd it.
The
sentence italicised
extends
th e meaning
of
“drove
by
mentioni ng th e time of th e a ction .
8 .
S ch eme
of A naly sis —S entenc es are analysed
according
to th e foll ow ing
sch eme, the details of
w hich hav e b een
already
expl ained in g 3 -7
Th e new master soon put th e cla ss into g ood order.
A bird in th e h and is w orth tw o in th e b u sh .
E vil c ommu ni c ations c orrupt g ood manners.
l Vith ou t a ny nec essity , h e a sked me a ru de qu estion .
I .
SUBJE CT .
I I .
P RED I CA TE .
Compl etion of Fi nit eVerb
.
E xtension of
Fini te Verb
.
F
t
V
O bj ect .
Compl ement .
1m e
erb
master
th e cl a ss
into g ood
soon .
order
c orrupt
a sked
with out
any
6
PA RSIN G A N D A N A LYSIS
PA RT I
A na lyse thef ollow ing
sentences a ccording to the model
1
.
A
c ertain fow ler,
h a ving fixed his
net,
w ithdrew
to
a littl e
dista nc e, th at the b irds might not b e afraid to c ome .
2.
A flig ht of pig eons, led b y th eir king ,
w a s b y
ch anc e passing
thro ugh the Sky
a t this time .
3 .
Th ey
c a ught
sight
of the
ric e -grains
sc attered b y th e fow l er
near th e net .
4 .
Th e pig eon w h o w a s king
of th e rest th en a sked his ric e-loving
foll ow ers this qu estion
5 . W hy
are ric e -g rains lying h ere in this lonely plac e
6 . W e will
see into this thing
.
7 . W e mu st b e c a utiou s in ou r movements.
8 .
O ne c onc eited pig eon among the rest g a v e th em b ad advic e .
9 .
H e told th em to fly dow n to th e ric e -grains a nd satisfy th eir
hu ng er.
1 0 .
Ha ving
listened
to
this b ad
advic e
a nd flow n dow n,
they
beg an to peck up a nd sw all ow th e grains.
1 1
.
O n b eginning to peck th ey w ere all c aught in th e net .
1 2.
Th en th ey b lamed their rash
a nd imprudent friend for h aving
given th em su ch b ad advic e .
1 3 .
Th ey
ough t
ra th er to
h a v e b lamed
th emsel ves
for ha ving
listened to him.
1 4 .
Th e king now told th em w hat to do .
1 5
.
A t
one moment
a nd
with
one
u nited movement
springing
s uddenly
up fly
Off w ith th e net .
1 6 .
Small
things b ec ome
strong
b v b eing
u nited
among
them
sel ves.
1 7 .
E ven mad el eph ants c a n b e h eld fa st b y
a rope made
of thin
b lades of g ra ss.
1 8 .
Th e pig eons ac ted on this advic e .
1 9 .
M aking
a
sudden
Spring
tog eth er, th ey flew
up int o th e
air,
c arrying th e net w i th th em.
20 .
A t first th e fow l er h oped to see th em c ome dow n ag ain to th e
earth .
21 .
Flying
al ong
a s fa st
a s th ey
c ould, th ey pa ssed
out
of
Sight
w ith the not
ab out th em.
22.
In this w ay the fow l er lost b oth his net
a nd th e pig eons.
23 .
Th e pig eons then
said to th eir king
king , w h at is th e
next thing to b e done
24 .
The king directed th em to a
c ertain plac e .
25 .
Th ere his friend, th e king
of th e mic e , rec eived th em kindly
.
26 .
Th e king
of the mic e
set th em
all free b y nib b ling throu gh
th e net .
27 .
Thu s th e w hol e troop of pig eons esc aped b y means of u nion .
28 .
A ll men sh ould profit b y this l esson .
29 .
A
c h ariot w ill not g o on a
singl e w h eel .
30 .
A
c reeper,
h a ving
nothing
to
support it, must fall
to
th e
earth —Digest of E a stern F a b l e.
SUMMA RY
O F
CHA PTE R I .
S entenc e :
a
c omb ination
of
w ords in
w hich
something
is
said
ab out something
el se
I)
.
on . 1 1
THE PA RTS OF SPEECH IN
OUTLIN E
: PHRA SES
7
S ubject
th e w ord or w ords denoting w h at w e Speak about
Predicate : th e w ord
or w ords b y w hich w e
say
something
about
th e thing denoted b y th e subj ec t
Clause
a
sentenc e that is part of a larg er sentenc e
N ominative
or its
equivalent
th e
nou n
or
nou n - equival ent
th at fixes the number a nd person of th e Finite verb
N oun -clause
a
cl a u se that does the w ork of a nou n
Enl arg ement of N ominative
a n adj ec tive or adjective-equivalent
that enlarg es th e mea ning of th e N ominative
A dj ective-clau se
a clau se th a t does th e w ork of a n adj ective
Finite verb
:
any
part
of
a
v erb th at is limited to
numb er a nd
person
N on-finite part s
of
a verb
: th ose parts
of
a
verb th at
are
not
limited to
number or person,
viz
. th e Infinitive, th e Participl e,
a nd
th e Gerund
Transitive verb
one that requires a n obj ect
Intransitive verb
one th at does not require an obj ect
Fa ctitive verb
:
a
Tra nsitive
verb
that
requires b oth
a
c omple
ment and a n obj ect
Copulative verb
:
a n Intransitive
verb
that
requires
a
c ompl e
ment
Ext ension
of Finite verb
:
an
adverb
or adverb - equi val ent th at.
extends th e meaning
of a Finite v erb
A dverb -clause
a clau se that does the w ork of an adverb
CHA PTER I I . —
THE
PA RTS
OF
SPEECH IN
OUTLIN E :
PHRA SE S .
S E CTION 1 . —TH E PA RTS
O F S PE E CH.
The definitions given in this chapter w ill not be repea ted in
su bsequ ent chapters .
9 .
The Part s
of
Speech —The different kinds
of
w ords
used
for different
purposes in
a
sentence
are
called
Parts
of
Speech .
Until
w e see a w ord in
a
sentence, w e are Often
unabl e to say
to w h at part of speech it belongs
(a ) Wa ter th e roses.
(b) Take some w a ter.
(c) A
w a ter b ird.
In (a ) w a ter is a verb
.
In (b) it is a noun .
In (c) it is an adj ective,
or a nou n used a s an adj ectiv e.
1 0 .
N oun —Tak e su ch
a
sentence as th e following
Th e how ling of th e w olf fill ed th e flock with terror.
Here how ling is the name of
an
acti on ;
w olf,
of
an
animal ;
flock, of a mul titude
terror, of a feeling
.
S o how ling, w olf ,flock,
terror are all
nouns.
8
PA RSIN G AN D A N A LYSIS
PART I
D efinition —A
nou n is a w ord
used for naming
anything
.
N ote 1
.—Th e w ord “ thing
in this definition
stands for person,
pla c e, qu ality ,
a ction, feeling ,
c ollection,
etc . , any thing , in fact , that
w e c a n speak about .
It is S O
u sed in a ll th e definitions that foll ow
.
.Vote 2.—N ou n
a nd na me both mea n th e
same thing
at bottom.
N oun is from Latin
nomen,
a
name.
N ame is from A nglo -S a xon
n a ma ,
a name .
1 1
.
Pronoun —Take su ch
a
sentence as th e foll ow ing
I told James th at th e
snak e w hich
y ou
saw
In the garden w ould do
him no h arm, if he let it g o its ow n w ay
.
Here I is u sed for the speaker
y ou for th e person spoken to
him
and he for
“James
”
;
which, it,
and its
ow n for “ snake.
S o
all
th ese w ords are pronouns.
D efinition —A
pronoun (Latin pro, for, instead
of) is a w ord
used instead
of
a
noun .
(It is, in fact,
a
substitute
w ord
or
proxy.
It denotes a thing w ith out being
a name for it.)
N ote I
.—Pronou ns in th e First and S ec ond persons save the mention
ing
of
a nou n,
a nd in th e Third th e rep etition of
one.
Th e Speaker,
h ow ever,
c an give his ow n name, if he ch ooses
W e, John Cod e,
so termed of our supposed fath er,
etc .
2 H enry VI
. iv . 2, 33 .
Usu ally , h ow ever, th e speaker simply say s
I
w ith out giving his
ow n name,
a nd in addressing
a ny one h e simply
say s
y ou
with out
mentioning th e name of th e person spok en to .
N ote
2.
Pronou ns
are
also
u sed
a s
substitutes
for
a
noun
o
equival ent
Climbing up rocks is
an
amu sement to me ; b ut tha t (
z
climb ing
up rocks) is a lab our to y ou .
1 2.
A dj ective —A
noun
standing by itself is
sometimes of
too general
a meaning to indicate the thing to w hi ch the w riter
or speak er is referring
S upposing th e
noun to b e “hou se,
th e
Speaker might w ish
to point ou t
some parti cul ar h ouse.
He w ould then have to say
“ this h ouse,
”
or “ tha t h ou se,
or “ the other h ou se.
”
O r h e might w ish
to
all ude
to
th e qu antity,
as “ the
whole
house
or to th e number,
as “ one h ou se,
”
“f ou r h ou ses
”
or to
th e serial
order,
as “ th e first house,
” “ th e f ou rth h ou se.
”
O r he might w ish to describe th e kind
of h ou se, as “ a
little
h ouse,
” “ a
comforta ble h ouse,
”
“ an
u ntidy h ou se,
”
etc .
O r
he
might
w ish
to
speak
about
several
h ou ses
in
a
distributive sense,
as “ ea ch h ou se,
”
every h ouse.
”
A ny w ord thus
added
to
a
n ou n is call ed
an Adj ective (Lat .
a djectivu s,
“ used for adding
The noun
and adj ective thu s
c ombined make
a kind
Of
compound
noun
S ometimes this
