Table Of ContentMANNED
SYSTEMS DESIGN
Methods, Equipment, and Applications
NATO CONFERENCE SERIES
Ecology
II Systems Science
III Human Factors
IV Marine Sciences
V Air-Sea Interactions
VI Materials Science
III HUMAN FACTORS
Volume 8 Mental Workload: Its Theroy and Measurement
Edited by Neville Moray
Volume 9 Human Evoked Potentials: Applications and problems
Edited by Dietrich Lehmann and Enoch Callaway
Volume 10 Human Consequences of Crowding
Edited by Mehmet R. GUrkaynak and W. Ayhan Le Compte
Volume 11 The Analysis of Social Skill
Edited by W. T. Singleton, P. Spurgeon, and R. B. Stammers
Volume 12 Coping and Health
Edited by Seymour Levine and Holger Ursin
Volume 13 Processing of Visible Language 2
Edited by Paul A. Kolers, Merald E. Wrolstad, and Herman Bouma
Volume 14 Intelligence and Learning
Edited by Morton p, Friedman, J. P. Das, and Neil O'Connor
Volume 15 Human Detection and Diagnosis of System Failures
Edited by Jens Rasmussen and William B. Rouse
Volume 16 Anthropometry and Biomechanics: Theory and Application
Edited by Ronald Easterby, K.H.E. Kraemer, and Don B. Chaffin
Volume 17 Manned Systems Design: Methods, Equipment, and Applications
Edited by J, Moraal and K.-F. Kraiss
MANNED
SYSTEMS DESIGN
Methods, Equipment, and Applications
Edited by
J. Moraal
Institute for Perception TNO
Soesterberg, The Netherlands
and
K.- F. Kraiss
Forschungsinstitut fiir Anthropotechnik
Werthhoven, West Germany
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
PLENUM PRESS, NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Manned systems design.
(NATO conference series. "I, Human factors; v. 17)
Proceedings of a conference held September 22-25, 1980, in Freiburg, West Germany,
sponsored by the Special Programme Panel on Human Factors of the Scientific Affairs Divi
sion of NATO.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Human engineering-Congresses. 2. Systems engineering-Congresses. I. Moraal, J.,
1934- II. Kraiss, K. F. III. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Special Programme
Panel on Human Factors. IV. Series.
TA166.M36 620.8'2 81-10732
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3308-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3306-7
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3306-7
Proceedings of a conference on Manned Systems Design: New
Methods and Equipment, held September 22-25, 1980, in
Freiburg, West Germany
(C) 1981 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1981
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume contains the proceedings of a conference held in
Freiburg, West Germany, September 22-25, 1980, entitled "Manned
Systems Design, New Methods and Equipment".
The conference was sponsored by the Special Programme Panel
on Human Factors of the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO, and
supported by Panel VIII, AC/243, on "Human and Biomedical Sciences".
Their sponsorship and support are gratefully acknowledged.
The contributions in the book are grouped according to the
main themes of the conference with special emphasis on analytical
approaches, measurement of performance, and simulator design and
evaluat ion.
The design of manned systems covers many and highly diversified
areas. Therefore, a conference under the general title of "Manned
Systems Design" is rather ambitious in itself. However, scientists
and engineers engaged in the design of manned systems very often are
confronted with problems that can be solved only by having several
disciplines working together. So it was felt that knowledge about
newly developed methods and equipment, applicable in the design
process, is of common and increasing interest for all those who are
engaged in the design of manned systems, from the earliest con
ceptual design phases until operation under real circumstances.
This seems to be particularly true in view of restricted resources
of manpower and energy.
The organization of a conference and the publication of a book
can only be done with active co-operation of a great number of
people. It is not possible to mention all of them. However, we
like to acknowledge the invaluable help of Lt. Col. P.J. Houtzagers,
who acted as administrative director to the conference, Irene Klein
and Henny r,ebbink, who hoth did all the work in preparat ion of the
conference and the manuscripts, and Konrad Steinheuer by whose
technical help the conference ran so smoothly.
v
vi PREFACE
We hope that the contents of the book will not only contribute
to a better understanding of Manned Systems Design but particularly
to a transfer of ideas and methods into practice.
J. Moraal
K.-F. Kraiss
CONTENTS
PART I: CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES
Methods: Past Approaches, Current Trends and
Future Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 3
D.A. Topmiller
A Research Program for the Proper Inclusion of
Human Resources in the Design Process 33
B. Ostrofsky
Development and Use of Research Methodologies for
Complex System/Simulation Experimentation 59
R.C. Williges
PART II: ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
A Review of Simulation Languages and Their
Application to Manned Systems Design 91
B. Doering and W. Berheide
The Human Operator Simulator: An Overview 121
N.E. Lane, M.I. Strieb, F.A. Glenn,
and R.J. Wherry
SAINT, A Digital Simulation Language for the Study
of Manned Systems . . . . . . 153
G.P. Chubb
Analytical Evaluation of Manned Systems with
Task Network Models . . . . . . . . . 181
K.-F. Kraiss
Statistical Techniques for Instrument
Panel Arrangement ..... . 201
W. W. Wierwille
vii
viii CONTENTS
PART III: MEASUREMENT OF PERFORMANCE
A Method for Semi-Automatic Analysis of Eye
Movements ............• 221
F.V. Schick and H. Radke
Narrowing of the Visual Field as an Indicator
of Mental Hork1oad? ......• 235
M. Voss
Eye Movement Measurement in the Assessment and
Training of Visual Performance 251
H. Hiddel and J. Kaster
Physiological Monitoring and the Concept of
Adaptive Systems . . .•. 271
F.E. Gomer
Electrophysiological Measurement Techniques 289
G. Rau
Electromyography and Applications 305
K.-P. Gartner
The Smallest Manned System: Clothing 323
H.A. Lotens
Analysis of Human Movements for Horkplace Design • . • . . 337
K.-P. Ho1zhausen
Measurements of Spine Location During Lifting 363
D.L. Price
Evaluation of Synthesized Voice Approach Callouts
(SYNCALL) ................ . 375
C.A. Simpson
The Use of Video-Techniques in Traffic Research 395
R. van der Horst
PART IV: SIMULATOR DESIGN AND EVALUATION
Evaluating Simulator Validity 411
J. Moraal
Justification for, Design of, an Economical
Programmable Multiple Flight Simulator
Facility 427
J .G. Kreifeldt, J. Hittenber, and G. Macdonald
CONTENTS ix
Evaluation of Various Design Alternatives
Influencing Discomfort in a Driving
Simulator .. . . . . 449
J.G. Casali
Video Dics Technology: A New Approach to the
Design of Training Devices .... 465
S. Levin and J.D. Fletcher
Contributors 479
Index 483
PART I
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES
