Table Of ContentMandarin
Primer
AnI ntenCsoiuvreis nSe P OKECHINESNE
YuenR enC hao
PublisBhye d
HARAVR DU NIVERSPIRTEYS •SC AMBRIDGE
LONDONO:X FORUDN IVERSPIRTEYS S
1961
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1.JS" ·1�
(�lt 61
Prefaee
�,73t6
Tms1 sa ni ntencsoiuvriesnt e hs ee ntsheai tti sd esifgonlree da rning
Chintehsheea radn fda wsat-y harbde catuhsfieer sftel we sscoanlsl
fovre rhya rcdo,n cenwtorraaktn efdda b setc aiuhfsa er,ed n ouwgohr k
idso naett hset atrhtse,t udweinbltela blaett, h een odfo nyee aorna
double-bcaostuiofrs es,fee ul l altey a sient hues oefs pokCehni nese,
Thceo ntoeftn htbisos o okr igifnraoattm ew de lvei-nwteeecnkos uirvsee
inC antognievsaeetHn a rvUanridv eirnts hisetu ym moef1r 9 4w2h,i ch
hassi nbceeep nu bliusnhdteehdrte i otflC ea ntoPnreism(ee1 r9 4T7h)e.
texotft hlee sswoantssr ansilnatMtoae ndd aarniudns eidnt hAer my
SpeciTarlaiizPneridon ggar tta hmHe a rvSacrhdfo ooOrlv erAsdemaisn is
tratiin1o 9n4 3a-n4ds4 u bseqiunec nitvlicylo iuarnsT ehsep. r esent
coudrisffefe rrostm h aotft hCea ntoPnreismieent r h feo llorweisnpge cts.
Thec hapotnpe rro nunchiahasat tdio ob ner ewriotfct oeunr,Ts hee.
chapotnge rra mmhaabrse erne orgaanngidrz eeadet xlpya nLdeesds.o ns
Copyri1g9h4t8, 19-o2n1" RentaiH nogu s"eT,h"We a lraunsdt hCea rpenatnedr,"
byt heP residaenndFt e lloowfHs a rvaCrodl lege "ListaennLdii nsgt eInni"an rgee n tinreewlO.yn t hseu ggestion of
readoeftr hCsea ntobnoeoske, ciintt haet iionntsrc ohdauphctatevorersy
beeinn cliuntd heIedn daenxid nt hCeh araTcetxetr.
Theb oomka yb eu seadsa t extbfootorhk ce l assorrfo oosrme lf
teacwhiitnthghh ee lopfa M andarin-gsupieodariek n ifnogro mroa fn t
phonogrreacpohrF dotsrh. fe e uwn usmuianlwd hsi ccahln e ahronwt o
differeanntidin atteegb ryra etaed tihnaegr tiocntl hece a lciunla uns
encycliomtpa eydb iepa o,s stiolb elaetr opn r onouncef rCothmhi en ese
descroifip ittn ti hocenh apotnpe rro nuncBiuaettv ietonhnc e.o nversa
tiolneasls sohnosub lehd e aarsds pokweintp,hr opeexrp rebsysa i on,
ChineFsoeor.n o eft hfee atoufsr peoskC ehni nteows hei tchhci osu rse
issp ecdieavloltyte hdue s oiefvs a risotuysle ili:setmioecftn htlesa nguage,
sucahsi nterjoefac gtrieoenamsne ddni ts sseenntt,ie nntcoen aantdi on,
othleurb riocfca onntvse rsgaitvaienot dna akalen ,td h etshei ngs should
betbtenl earbnyee adtr h afnr odme scription.
Thec ompavnoilounCm hea,r aTcetxcetar,bn e u seadst htee fxottr h e
Chinteesaec thore eraf dr oamn,ad s a t exftol re arntihncegh aracters.
Thea nswteotr hsee x eracpipseeiasncr u rswirvieta innadgr m ee atnot
bel egiblteot hoen ltye Haocwheevrae.nrA y,m erisctaunda ebnltteo
reaCdh inceusresw irviet ingb ees nhtoiutmlladek due s otefto h aen swers.
ThiPrrdi nting
Thea uthwoirs hteots h aTnhkeC ommerPcrieaLslts d,o. fS hanghai
fopre rmitsosu istoehn Ce h inveesreso ifLo ens s2o0fn r ohmi Tsz oou
DawJ inqatnztldhi siet ocroinetsa iinLn eesds4 o,6n ,7 ,a n1d2 f rohmi s
Prinitnte hdUe n itSetda otfAe mse rica PhonogCroauprihsnt e hN ea tioLnaanlg u(a1g9e2 H8e)i .as l isnod ebted
v
vi PREFACE
toM acmialnldaC no mpaonfLy o ndfoontr h ues oef m atefrrioaml
ThrotuhgLeho okinga-nGWdlh aaAstls i Fcoeu nTdh ebreyL, e wCiasr roll.
Hei sp articgurlaattreolPf yru olf eSsesrEoglrei sfsoepree ffr mitsos ion
usteh mea jpoarr otft hCea ntonesea sa Pb raisfmioestrr h per esent Contents
course.
Thea uthor's itnodL eebotneadrnde sBsol nog ormafimemladt ical
theoirsoy b viaonuidst w inlolbt e p osstiomb alkeae c knowledgments
PARTO NE:I NTRODUCTION
ona lslp ecpiofiicn Htesi .sa lisnod etbotF eadnK gu eLiif odre laying
thceo mploeftt ihobeno ofka bre yotnhdde e adblyis nueg getshtei ng I.THEC HINESLEA NGUAGE 3
rewriotfti hcnehg a potnge rra mmar. II.PRONUNCIATAINODNR OMANIZATION 19
Thanakrsae l dsuote oa lwlh ho avhee lpines de etihnrgo tuhgpehr ep IIIG.RAMMAR 33
aratoifto hbneo otkoA: n lWiann Kgu a ntdh aeu thdoaru'gshL teenrsse y A.Word3s3,. B.Senten3c4e.sC,.S ynta3x7,.
D.Morphol3o9g.Ey.,C ompoun4d1s.F,. Parotfs
andB elfloatr h per eparaantdci hoenc koiftn hgme a nusctrohi ipst ,
speeecthc,4. 5,. G .TransloaftE inognl Girsahm
daughRtuelraf nod ro itnhgee x ercainsdte oKs a,oL iaCnhgo wwh o matiCcaatle go5r0i.es,
wrotthewe h oClhea raTcetxetTr.h ea uthaolro hnoew,e vsehro,ub led IV.THEC HARACTERS 60
respofnossriu bcelhre r aonridsn consiassat b eonocokift e hski isn ids V.METHODO FS TUDY 72
likteohl ayva en wdo uld wweiltachpo pmree ccioartrieoacnnt cdir ointsi
PARTT WO:F OUNDATION WORK
cisfmrsot mhr ee ader.
A.THET ONES 85
YUENR ENC HAO
CambrMiadsgsea,c husetts B.DIFFICULT SOUNDS 92
Mar3c1h1, 9 47 C.THES YSTEOMF S OUNDS
97
D.SYSTEOMF T ONES ANDHI 107
PARTT HREET:H EL ESSONS
I.YOU,I ,A NDH E 'FOUMRE N' 120
2.THINGS 126
3.SPEAKICNHGI NESE 134
4.TELEPHONING 140
5.UP,D OWN,LE FTR,I GHTF,R ONTB,A CK, AND
MIDDLE 148
Forre cortdoai cncgosm tphalene ys sons, 6.A SMOKER ING 158
seFeo lkwRaeycso Arldbsu,Fm P8 002. 7.MR.C AN'STT OPT ALKING 164
8.ANTONYMS 172
9.A GOODM AN 180
10.THET AILLERSAST 188
11.WATCHINTGH EY EARO UT 194
12.A RESCUAET S EA
204
13.INQUIRIANFGT EAR SICKM AN 210
14.CONVERSATWIIOTNH T HED OCTOR 216
15.WORLDG EOGRAPHY
224
16.CHINESGEE OGRAPHY 230
17.TALKINAGB OUTI NDUSCO 236
18.TOT HEM INSHENWGO RKS
242
vii
viii
CONTENTS
19.RENTINAG H OUSE 250
20.THEW ALRUASN DT HEC ARPENTER 256
21.LISTENIANNGD L ISTENIINNG 266
22.STUDYING 272
23.THEV ERNACULLAIRT ERATUMROEV EMENT282
24.ANA MERICMAANK. ESA SPEECH 290
APPENDSIUXP: PLEMETNOTL ESOSN2 0 298
VOCABULAARNYDI NDEX 301
ABBREVIATAINODNS SY MBOLS 336
SYNOPSOIFST ONASLP ELLING 336
Mandarin
Primer
PARTO NE:I NTRODUCTION
CHAPTEIR T HEC HINELASNEG UAGE
1.Olandd N ewC hine-seC.h iniesus seu arlelgya arsdo enodef t he
oldleasntg uoaftg heweso rlCdh.i nsetsued eennttesAr mienrgi ccoaln
legaerosef taelnl otwooe ffdeC rh infeoesrne t rLaantcoierGn r ereakt her
thafnoF rr enocrGh e rmaNno.wt ,h Ceh inesspeo ktaeosnd b ayay r adio
annoufnrcoSemtr a tXiGoOnAN ,a nkimnugsb,tea sn eaw nads u nlike
thCeh inoeCfso en fuacssi,au tysh,,Ee n glhiesaohrv dea rnA merircaadni o
inse awn udn ltihkEeen gloifCs hha ucOentr h.oe t hhearn wdh,e ther in
Eurooprie nC hipneao,mp ulseht a vtea lfkoetrdh ousoafyn edabsre sf ore
anoyft hetiarlb ke gtaobn e r ecorTdheudas.l,l l a ngusaofg aearssw , e
catne alrlee,q uaollildtny h eoirria gniednq uanleliwytn h epirre sfeonrtm .
Howi istt h etnh aCth inheasaser eputfaotarin otni quTihteayrr?ee
severreaalsf ootnrhs i Osn.ie ts h atthC eh inleisteei rdairwoyhm i,ic sh
widelyf oaurls pleu dr potsheosuig nmh o deprrno nunciisla atrigoenl,y
basoentd h lea ngoufat hgaeen cicelnats Msoicrsset. u dienanC thsi nese
collkengotewh eMiern c(i4uctseh n tBu.rcwy.h )o,ss tey sleeet mots h em
quimtoed etrhnas,nt udienan ntAs m ericcoalnlk engoCewh au(c1e4rt h
centAu.rDy. ).
Anotrheearis tsoh nre e lastoicvaienac dlu ltural haonsmdto ageneity
biliinCt hyi dnuar mionrgme i llentnhiahunamb sse etnhc ea wsiet mho st
othpeero polfte hwseo rlOdfu. p heaCvhailhnsaap d l enBtuyet.v etnh e
conquMeornignaognl Mdsa nchmuasdn eoi mpreosnst ihloean n guage.
Thewraens o l argeb-osrcraoolwfewi onrgsd usca hsf olltohwNeeo dr man
invaosfBi roint ain.
FinatlhlCeyh ,i nleasneg sueaegomels bd e caiunsseto,efs a pdr eabdyi ng
subdiivnivtsaoir oinnoa utsil oannaglu wahgiewcsoh,u t lhdes ne enme wa,s
dot hReo manlcaen gudaegsecsef nrdoLemad t iistnp ,r beyad di ffusion into
cultulreaasdlslv ya nnceeidg hibnto hfreos r omfb orrowwoerdd s and bor
rowed charactersw.o radTnschd he saer aacbrtoseert rrisol wle du sed in
thfeo rkmnso wansS ino-JaSpiannoe-sKeao,nr Sdei anno,- Anannadm ese
staanstd e stitmoot nhaiene tsi qoufti hCtehy i nleasneg uaal gaen,g uage
whigcahvm eo rteh aintt o oaknm da intiatiisnd eedna tnicdto ym parative
homogewnietiththiyfen o usre aTsh.pe r acotfgi icveei nntgr carnecdei t
foCrh inaess aean nc ileanntg iutsah geer neofm oerrmeea ttoefcr o urtesy.
2.Our KnowledogfOe l Cdh ine-seT.h aen ciCehnitnl easneg uiasge
knowtnoe velriyt eCrhaitnebe usoten ,li ynt hsee ntsheat tht ee xitn
3
4
INTRODUCTION THEC HINESLEA NGUAGE 5
charaacnttdeh riesd iooftm h ceo mposairtuein odne rsWthoeornde .a d semi-vionow tehlwe;or r disth, a ndo d escenddiipnhgto hfot nhageu e,i
aloiuitdas ,l waiynts h per onuncoifaam toidoednri na lFeectwC. h inese typTeh.e wreer seo mien ictoinaslo nantl-icgklleku -sl,bt- le,p-r ls,b- u,t
schoklnaorwwsh atth aen cileanntg uaacgteus aolulnyld iekdNe o.tt hat thewseerr ee latiinvferleyq uent.
thCeh inheasvebe e eunn concweirtntheh dse o unodfls a nguaTghee. FroAmr chtaoAi ncc iCehnitn tehsmeeo ,s itm oprtacnhta nwgaets h at
Chinheasvete h rougthhoaeug teb se ekne esnt udeonftt hsse o unodfs thpeu rveo iciendi tainaedln sd ibn,dg ,gsh abde cosmeem i-veo.wge.l,s ,
languBaugtbe e.c aoufts here e latniovne-lpyh noanteutirtceh ceoh fa r Archdafi>ocAg n ci,ejn(atu >M a ndayrai'uns hakTeh'e)wr.ee r feo ur
actetrhseh,ya vhea dt od eaclh ieiflnty h aeb strcalcats sifiacnadt ion tonienAs n ciCehnitn EevseeRn,i, s iGnogi,na gn,Ed n tertihnlega c,so tm
relatioofsn osuhnridapst htehrawn i tthh peh onevtailcuo efts hs eo unds priswionrged nsd iinn-g - -pt,-, k .A larpgaero tft hGeo iTnogn cea me
themseTlhveecisor.n ceopftt hileoa nn guaacgceu ribasunt toe ct,o ncrete. froAmr chfaoircem nsd iinn-g b- ,d -,g .
Mucohft hweo rokfC hinsecsheo latrows a ifhtoaW rde stleirnng luiikset s 4.GrowotfMh o deDmi ale-cAtlmslo. d edrni alaercneto sdt e scend
BernhKaarrdl gorrWe ens tern-Cthrianilenisenedg l uiiLksietF sa ng-kuei antosfo nel inoefa ncesAtrocrhsCa,hi icn easnedA ncieCnhtin ese.
befoirtceo ubledi nterpirnpe htoendet teircmT so.u sKea rlgorwenn 's Howevtehrme,a joroifmt oyd edrina laerccetl so esneo udgehs cendants
figurter,a ditCihoinnpaehlso en omlaoygb yec ompawrietdahb oookf oft hetmoa llsotwa temoefp nhtosn eltaiwtscob em adwei trhe ferteon ce
algebIrtca o.n tagirnetsar tu t·bh usto, n em ust substitute numeornileci aonlfea nceswtiotrhslo euatv tionuogn wiealb doydo yfe xceptions.
valuienstt ohf eo rmubleafsot rhteer uctahbnse a pplied. Thearrete w roe asfoontrsh iOsn.ei st hatth lea nguraegceosn structed
Thneu merviaclaaulre tesh meo dedrina loefCc htisn Bay.s tudytihneg byK arlgirnte hnoe,p inoifto hnme a joroifC thyi nsecsheo laraeerc sl,e ctic
sounodfms o dedrina l(eicntcsl tuhdpeir negsp ernotn unciinJa atpiaonn, systfermosvm a riooluddsi aleBcytt sh.ua sd mitytoiungrgr eat-uncle's
Koreaan,Id n do-Cohfai nncai ebnotrlryow woerdda sn)cd o mpatrhienmg tablienttysoo uarn ceshtarlyalol,us re cocnodu slionolski fikresc to usins
witthhs ey stematoiftz raatdiioCtnhisio nnpeahsloe n olKoagryl,gh raesn anfidr scto usliinsksie s atnebdrr so thTehreos t.h reera sitoshn a tto day's
madaer econstirnau lcdlte it(oae nix lc etphatec tmueallo vdailcuo eft sh e dialleictktoesd ,a pye'osp alrede,e scenodfra enltast fievawen lcye stors,
tonoefst )ha en ciCehnitn persoen uncoifaa btoi6uo0tAn0 . Dw.h,i cahf,t er whitlheoe t hoelrbd r ancohfte hlsea nguhaagvdeei eodffw ithloeuatv ing
somree vishiagosan isn,w eidda ec cepatmaonncmgeo sOtc cidaenntdth ael andye scendants.
majorofiC thyi nsecsheo lTahrihsseh. a nsa med Ancient Chinese. MNaokwti hneigrns eo M odeCrhni nweistaech a piMt,ea xlc eMp atsi nM an
usoef t hset udbiyCe hsi npehsiel olionag d iisffte�rd einrte c-ttihoen darwihni,ci hm,p oratsia itnps tr actiiclsai lnlgyu,i osntoeift c halele lays t
strucotfcu hraer aacnttdeh rresi mipnagt tienrS nhsiC hh i-nhg er econ
informoaftt himevo ed edrina lseicnticshte,a e sv olfvaerdt ahweasfytr om
strutchtee d pronuonftc hipeae triirooondu gohnlmeyi llenenairulmi er ancipernotn unciBauttwi eoc na.nn otcee rtbarionac dh ansgiensc e
thatnh aotfA nciCehnitn ewshei,hc ehc alAlrsc hCahiicn 1e Tsheo.ugh 60A0. Dw.h ihcahv aeff ecmtoesdmt o dedrina liencctlsu,Md ainndga rin.
hei sl essusr oeft hdee taoiftl hsri esc onstarnuhdca twsio onln e wsisd e TheA nciveonitc (esdo niannitt)bi 'da,'lg ,s'd ,z z',e, t hca.v leo stth eir
acceptfaoinrtct ,eh eirsne e vertgheenleearsgasrl e eamset noit t msa in voiciinan ldgli aleexcctteshp otos fCe h ekipaanrgot,fKs i angasnpuda, r ts
features. ofH unanS.o moeft hAen cibeinlta hbaivaueln,sd ceerr tcaoinnd itions,
3.ArchaaniAdcn cient -CBhrionaesdspleey.a kAirncgh,Ca hiicn ese becodmeen tilianab liClah lisne axc eipntt h Seo uatnhtd h Seo utheast.
haadv erryi scyhs toefcm o nsonaanvndot wse alnspd,r obaobnlltyyh ree Ancifiennactlo nson-ma,-n -t-pst-, ,k a reei tlhoeosrrtc hanegxecdei pnt
toneIsth. a d gfroaudoref is n ictoinaslo naasin tntt,s'd ,,,d ' i,.v eo.i celess theex trSeomuet Thh.ef outro noefAs n ciCehnitn heasvebe e esnu b
unaspivroaitceaedsl,pe isrsva otiecuden,da spiarnavdto eidca,�s dp ir2 ated. diviidnetadon u ppaenrda l owseerr iaecsc,o radsti hniegn itwiearles
Ith atdh fien aclo nso-mn,a- nnt-,sn -g-,-p t-,,k , --bg-,,r b ,-u dnt,o fi nal origivnoailcleoylrv e osisc Tehde.e xteonfst u bdivviasriwioientst h h e
dialbeucttth ,Ee v eTno niess ubdiviindtteowd oc lasaslemsoe svte ry
1B otAhn ciaennAdtr chCahiicna ersseue m mariiKnza erdl g4r7e1n-'"psaa rgtei cle," wherIen.m osotfn orthCehrinnt ah,Ee 1;1 terTionnhgea nso otn llyo st
GrammSaetraBi uclal,oe ftt hMieun s lloufFm a Era stAenrtni qNuoi1.t2 iS,et so,c kholm, itcso nsoneanndtiabnluga tsl istocs l aisdse ntiintays,ma usic htha s been
1940m.o rpAeo pu·leaxrpoosfti htaiinsord ne lattoepidifs co su innhd i Psh iloalnodg y redistirnitbtouho tete hdte orn eTsh.u tsh,fe o utro noefMs a ndaarrien
AnciCehnitnOa s,l1 o9,2 6.
II nM andaCrainnt,o annemdso eso,tt hmeord edrina ltehceatrrsoee,n ltywg or ades notth feo utro noefAs n ciCehnitn beuscteo ,r reosnplotynoi d tfi sr tshtr ee
ofi nitei.a(glu.sn,,as pitra ant(dea ds)p itr'wa,ht iewcdewh) r iast dea ntdi tnh per esent tonoefws h,i tchhfie r shta s bsepelinint t w oO.n t hweh oltehs,eo uthern
courTshee.ir nseo r e[adl] -sionMu anndd arSiepnep. 2. 1 9,2 .
dialheacvtpesr esearnvceide nt aentndod nien-gcsbl eastsths,cee e sn tral
6 7
INTRODUCTION THEC HINELSAEN GUAGE
aneda stdeiranlt ehcaetn sc iiennittb ieaswlths,it lheoe t hdeira lheacvtes Thmeu tuianlt elloifdg iiffbeidrlieiantltdye e cptesan sdi snt, hc ea osfe
depafratretdfh reoAsmnt c iCehnitn ese. othlearn gubaogtuehps o,tn h dei altehcetmss aenludvp eostn h eed uca
6.ClassiofifcD aitail-oencT thsed. i aloefCc htisan rade i stributed tional boaftc hksegp reoaukTnehdrte sh .rg ereo uopfMs a ndadriianl ects
ovetrh rzeoen eTsh.ze o noeft hger eavtaersiiteis tn ty h seo utheastern mayb ec ompawriettdhh Een gldiisahl oeftc htBesr itIisslNheo sr,t h
coasptraolv iinnccelsuK dwianngg tFuunkgim,eo nso,tfH unaKni,a ngsi, AmeraincAadu, s trTahleiinaaf,.b striamsca tdioeoft n h fea cwti,ta hl l
anCdh ekiaannpdga ,ro tfKs w angAsnih,wa eniKd,i angTshuse.e cond itism plictahtaaitloC lnh siw,nr ai otneceso mmiodni ionom n ceo mmon
zoniets h ger eMaatn darin-rsepgeciaookmnip nrgi sionftg hr eem osofts t systoefcm h arawcetc easrnas ty,h tahtoe t hgerro uopfds i alaeracebt osu t
Chipnrao paenrtd h ger eaptaerortfM anchuIrnit aht.eh izrodni en, asf afrr oMma ndaarnifdnr oema coht haessr,a Dyu,t ocrhL owG erman
thtee rriatnotdrh bieoe rsd erolfta hsneod ust hwpersotveirannnct deh se ifsr oEmn gloirsS hp,a nfirsoFhmr encOhnt. h weh oltehd,ei fferences
provoifSn icnek inaonng-,C hliannegsuaear sgepe osk seinbd yes iwdiet h amondgi ffegrreonuotpfC s h indeisaela erclete rssa sd itchaatlnh d ei ffer
Chiniensso emf eo romMf andarWihnit.lh ele a zsotni en clmuodrteehs a n encbee twEenegnl ainsGdhe rmaSnp.e aokfed risff erenotf M agnroups
hatlhfae r eoafa lClh iniiatn, c lluedtsehssao nn e-toeftn hpteoh p ulation. darsianay,n atoifHv aer boirMn u kdeann a,t oifUv reu micnSh iin kiang,
Thearrene i nmeai gnr ouopfs diianClh eicnstaiis,xnt hfier zsotn aen d a natiovfCe h ungkoirKn wge ilainnda, n atiovfNe a nkintgh-ese
thriente h see coznodnT eh.fie r ssitgx r ouarpCesa ntoKnaens-eH,a kka, represefnrtotamht fieov uceros r noefCr hsi cnaacn o nvferreseeela cyh,
Amoy-SwFaotoocwh,Wo uw,a, n Hds ianTgh.eC antognreosuteph ,e inh iosw dni alweicttha,ot utte mtpotmoiu ncgmh u tuaadlj ustment.
Kan-Hagkrkoa(u tpwo h imcohs otfK ianbgeslio nagnstd)h A,em oy Amonsgp eaokfne orns- Manddiaarliiegncn tosr,aM nacned aiornsfio nt
Swatgorwo (utpw oh itchhCe h inese-psaproetfaH kaiinnIgas nl and som ucfhe alsta p erssohnoarlt caosam p irnagc tiinccaoln vefnoire nce
belonagrcseh) a,r acbtyet rhiepzirered s erovfaa ntciiocenon nts onantal travaenlpdee rosip nel deu caotrip ounbwalolir ckM .o setd ucpaetresdo ns
endi-mn,g- sp- ,t- ,k .T hFeo ocdhioawl feocratmg sr oauppa trhto,u gh acquaiM raen daorfsi onr etist bhye" rp ickiitun pg"f ropme opwlheo
iitns e atrhA em oy-Swgartooiuwnmp a nrye spaencodtf stc elna stsoed spe-aokrh avlee artnose pde- aMka ndaorrmi enr,eb lyay d optthien g
getheriu tnw ditethrhte e rMmi ng roMuipnb, e itnhgle i tenraamorefy vocaboufMl aanrdya rinl intkhoeDev r eelaosmft hRee Cdh amwbiert hout
FukiTehnWe.u d ial(eicntcslt uhdooisfSne hg a ngahnWadei n chaonwd) attemapntryie nagd juisnpt rmoennutn ciation.
thHes iagnrgoH uspi,a ngt hbleei itnengra amoreHfy u na(tn h ouCghha ng Amonpge opilnpe u blliilcfi en,g udiisffitciuaclr tiisfeirsno dgmi alect
shtah,ce a piotfta hpler oviinnsco tety, p iocfta hgler ouaprc)eh aracter differheanvbceee esrn e latnievgelliyFg oitrbh lceeo .m mpoeno pwliet,h
izbeydt heriert atinhvieon igci inan ngc iiennittl iibak'led,s' g ,'d ,z e't,c . theliirm ibtaesodefv ocabaunlldai rmyi ctoendtw aictotht hhearb oift s
Ina ddittoit ohunes utawlEo v en Taonnoden soe r t wRoi siTnogn es, dictainoadnr ticuilwtao tuiolofcdn o ,u bresi em postsoci obmlmeu nicate
thessigexr ouhpasvf eot rh meo spta rttwG oo iTnogn aenstd w Eon tering oraalclryto hsbeso undoafdr iiaelgser cotuo pres v,eo nfs ubgroups.
Tones. 6.DialeMcatnsd,aan rdinW , e n-liD.i aldeicfftfesrr oo mn aen other
Thsee codnida lzeocniten ,c lurdoiungtghw loy- tohfti hrpedo sp ulation int hrreees peTchtmeso .si tm pordtiaffnetri etsnh caoetfp ronunciation.
antdh ree-offto huaerr teohafCs h ipnrao pietsrh z,eo noeft hMea ndarin Thutsh,se a mreo owth imceha 'nwso oidspsr 'o noulniicnnPe edi ping,
dialwehcitccsahb,n e d iviidneatnd oo rtghreornau s po,u tghreoraunnp d, liingnS hangahnaldia ,im nC antonSeesceo.nd dilayld,ei cfftiesntr h e
as outhwgersotuTephrn.ne o rtherinn cglrtuhodYeuee psl lRoiwvb ears in chooifwc oer fdoscr o mmuosneT .h utsh,we o rfdo' rh es,h ee,ti'cts .ia n
anMda nchuTroti hagi.rs o buepl otnhdgeis a loefPc eti piTnhgse.o uth Mandayriii ntn h,Se h angdhiaaila encgdht 6,ie nC antonOeusoteft . h ese
erMna ndagrrioncu opv earr sa thsemraa lrleb ae twl]:eaennk oawn d thrdeies twionrcfdtrs ot mhc eo mmsotno ocftk h Ceh inleasneg usaogmee,
Na nkiTnhgse.o uthwgersotcueoprv nte hrrese goifot nhg er eadtieast dialcehcotoossn aeen odt hdeira lcehcotaossn eo tahste hrfe a vofroirtme
lecutnailf o-r-imnictlyu ding SzecKhwweainc,hp oawrYo,tuf n nan, foorr diunsalere,ya vtihonetg h aesor bss oolrle ittee wroarrdTysh .i rdly,
Kwangasnid, o pfHa urpteu hpt oa nidn cluHdainnkgoA wl.Ml a ndarin dialdeicffitengsr r ammTahru.is Pn, e ipoinnuegs ,te hswe o rd-'og ridveer
dialaegcritenshe a virnegl atsiivmesplolyue n d-syThsethyea mvfseo. u r mes omwea tewrh,ii'lnC e a ntaonnSd h angohnaseia ysso metlhiikneg
orfi vteo neTsh.eh ya vaec ommvoonc abuflotarhr meyo sftr equent 'gisvoemw ea tmeer. T'h itsh iarsdp ietsch tle e aismtp oratsta hnetir,se
wordssu cahsp ersopnraoln ouns, demonstraantdi ves, icnotmeprarroaggtariteuvianevtile fyso ,or fgm riatmyam amro ntghde i alects.
part3i cles.
(60atnhn iveprusbalriyco afSt hiuPonan o 2)n,ed d itSihoann,g 1h9a3iM4,a, p1 2a;n d
IF ofru rtdheetrao indl isa lseecTeti snW,ge n-ch(iVaK.n. Tg i ngW)e,nW ge n-hao F.K .L iL,a nguaangDdei sa leicnTt hsCe,h inYeesaBero o1k9,3 8-i1s9s3Su9he a,n ghai,
(WH.. W onga)n,Td s eSnhgi h-Cyhiunngg,f -eknu-osh hseinnlftg-liU t'71- u:fi � Ill 193p9p,4. 3 -51.
8 INTRODUCTION THEC HINESE LANGUAGE 9
Mandairnti hnne,a rrsoewni sssei ,m ptlhdyei aolfePc eti painndlg,i ke SintcheLe i etraRreyv olourtt ihVoeen r naLciutlearrMa otvuermee nt
othdeira lheacisttp ssh, o nseytsitcie tcmso, m mon vofcooarrb duilnaarryy of1 91l7eb dyH uS hithh,ue s oeft hMea ndacroilnl oiqnwu riiathlia nsg
speeacnhid,t g sr ammasttircuaclTt huetr hei.tn hgai tsp ecualbioaurt spregarde aBtultyi,.nt hceh aracmtaenrnioesfrrt e ivco lumtoivoenary
Mandairsti hnai tti s l epsesc utlhiaatnhr oe t hdeira leFcotras,sw. e menttshfi,er asrtt iacdlveosc tahtueis oneftg hceo llowqeurwiera ilti tne n
havsee einbt,e lotnoagt sy poefd ialect wthhlieec ahfs rtvop amlr aicees thlei telraanrgyua angtdeh l,ee adceornst iannumdea dn,oy ft hecmo n
top lacei ssa pnodka ennud n derbsytt ohogedr eatesto fpn euompbleer tintuoce o,r reisntp holeni dt elraanrgylu oangagef terh atbdhe egytu on
inC hina. wriatret iicntl heceso llo5 qAusti hailsn.tgasnn odwt ,hm eo vemheanst
Ovearn da botvhee dioarrl aetchtiesnr,c, l ausda ep da rotfe ach penetmroasdttee de ipnlt hyfie e lodfl iterNaotvueralenps.dl ays, which
dia-letchtei rasel itelraanrgyou raw egney 4an no,owf tceanl "lCelda ssi formheartdlo yb er eafdu rtfirvoeml yh ianlsfi-ddoerp aewnae rrneso ,w
caClh inebsyWe e"s tern sWcehnoyilasnna o ratsn .a dditdiioanlaelc t, plaocnet dht eo opfc lassdreosaokspms a rotfc ourisnle ist er(aSteuer e.
foirht a nsop ronuncoifia totswi noT.nh esa msee ntienwn ecney haans Less2o3n.N )e wn ovaenlpdsl aaynstd,oa l eesxst peonett arrwyer, i tten
asm anwya yosfp ronuncaista hteairrodeeni aleTcobt ess u.r aed ,i rect int hceo lloiqduiioMamol.r teh ahna olfft hpeu blicoanst ciioennst ific
quotaitnti hAoenn a loefcCt osn fumcuishutas v bee epnr onouinnoc need subjaenctdtr sa nsloafft oiroebniosgo nak rsie nt hceo lloqIunti hael .
partiwcauiyl-n aad ri aloefLc uit nt hsei xctehn tBu.rcBy.u wth acto n schotohlceso ,l loiqstu aiuagtlhh utrg othh sei xgtrha adnewd,e nyiasn
cerunsis st hfea cttha tthA en aleacsat c su rrernetabldoy oo kfa s till tauognhfltry o tmhs ee vegnrtahod rje u,n miiodrds lceh ooIlit,is tn oh ne.
liviinfno gst,p okiedni,eo xmi isntt hsce o lleocfmt eiaonni snogufnudls governimnbe unsti,n aensidsn t, h neo n-acapdreomfiects hsaitothn es
int hmeo utohfls i tepreartsoeof an lsdl i aleTchtefs a.ct th atth eirse chanhgaes beend uisenpl a onrwoted sotut,bot t h dei fficoufld tiys turbing
onaen tdh sea msey stoefcm h aratchtreorusgC hhoihunatac s e rtainly well-esptharbalsieasonhfldeao dmg iycl oinavre nftoiromAns pa.al r adox
playaem da jpoarr itnt hper eserovfwa etniyoabnnu t,t h nea tuorfe icraels ouftl htii tssh awth inleewd se spatocffihceinsao,lt iacneedsv ,e n
existewnencyeia nsnoo iftnt hwer itaissn ugcb hu,it nt huen derstanding, advertiasreiemnt e hlneit tse irdairtoyhms e,o -called literary section and
readailnogul dea,r bnyir nogtq eu,o tainnfdgr ,eu seoe f t hicso mmon frequtehneetd liyt orioafnl e wssepcaatpriieeontr n hs ce o lloqIunii nal.
iditohmo,ui gtahsc tluianlg uistici naeu mdbifobodlrviemam refinretos m creadseignrghe oewse,tv hewerr ,i tctoelnl ohqaucsio amtleos tay.
dialteodc ita lIenct tht.ee rminoofcl loalgsoysg w iecn,yi asanc laosfs 8.Unificoaftht eiN oant ional -LPaanrgauwlailgtteehhlV. e e rnacular
certcaoignnp aotret idoinas laeoncfedt v se,wr oyr idnw enyia-snac lass LiterMaotvuermeet nhteh,ra ebs e eamn o vemteonwta trhduesn ification
ofc ognwaotreid nts h dei aluescutawslr,li ytw tiettnhh s ea mceh aracter. oft hNea tiLoannaglu aWgehe a.vs ee etnh atth eirasel reaag dryed aet
Frotmh wiesc adnr atww coo rollOanrietis he iasitt.ps o sstiorb elaec h groefeu nderulnyiiitnntyg h w eh ollaen gaunaadgs et girlela dteegror fe e
thweh oolCfeh inleistee rtahtruotruhemge eh d iuamn oyon ofeft hmea jor pracutniicitantyl h see codnida lecSti-nztcohenee .R evo1l9u1t1i,o n of
dialeTchtoest .hi etsrh aatt h orosucghho oilnoin dneig a liaesnc i tn tro wheCnh ibneac aamr ee putbhleihrcae,bs e eanc onscious movement to
ducttioto hnwe h oClhei nleasneg uage. unitfhyse p okleann goufat ghneea tiAo Sno.c ifeottrhy Ue n ificoaft ion
7.VernacLuiltaerr aanttduh Lreie t erary -RTehvevo alsbutot diyon. Pronuncwiafasot rimoen9, t huaenu dseprit cheMesi noifs Etdruyc aotfi on,
ofC hinleistee riaist nwu erney aMnu.c whr itoiftn ogd easyp,e cfioarl ly latreero rgaunnidtzeherMed i niasstt rhCyeo mmiotntt ehUeen ification
busianneodsffi sc piuarlp oiissnte hsse,a mfeo rWmr.i tiintn hcgeo lloquial oft hNea tiLoannaglu aAg sey.s toef3m 9N atiPohnoanlLe ettitcoe rr s,
stywlhee,t ihnte hrse t anMdaanrdda orrii nan n oyt her hdainsae lveecrt , juht'ziynh 6m r:l:u1tu *-BJ:w adse viass etda,n odfpa rrodn unbcaiasteido n
beedno noenn easroll ayr ags ec aalsie nw enyaTnh.ae m ouonfet x isting mainolnty h Pee ipdiinaglw eacfistx eidn1 91(9r eviin1s 9e3di2 nt he
collolqiutiearilant t hdueir ael iensce tgsl iMgainbdlaecr.oi lnl otqeuxitasl
exiistnth f eo romfB uddlheicstto uftr hees c 9etnhts uormpyeh, i losophical 'HuS hifihr etdhfi er ssth owti thhil se tttote hree d iotfoH rs icnh 'ingVo-ln2.,i en,
worokfts h Seu ndgy na(s9t6y0 -1a2na7dc 8 o)m,p arastmianvluelml bye r No2.,O cto1b,1e 9r1 6T.hl ee twtaelsra teexrp antdoae nad r ticlij1ce :,(�Jil� �(A
ProgrfaoLmri teRreafroyr imnt) h sea mpee rioVdoilc2.a,N l o,.5 ,J anu1a,r1 y9 17.
ofp laaynsnd o vferlostm hY eu adny naosn(t syi 1n2c7e7A )ne. v emno re
Botthh lee tatnetdrh aer tiwcelrweer ititnre ens pecwteanablnlipde r opomsoedde stly
insignificoalfn itt earemaxotiufusnoorttrtes h deira lseuccathsCs a ntonese amonogt htehri n"gnsot toa voviedr nacchualraaroc rtv eerrsn awcourldasrI. tw" a s
antdh Seo ocdhioawl ect. noutn tVioll4 .,N o1.,J anu1a5r1,y9 1t8h,aa tr tiicntl heceso llobqeugitaaonal p pear
4 We nyuasnet dob ec alwleendb lyOi c cidwernittaoelnCr hsi neAscet.u awlelnyl ii int hriesv olutpieorniaordTyih ceca alsw.ea qsu iltietk hea otfD antwer ithiinDsge
VulgEalroiq uienLn attiwiahn i tlrey tioneg s tabIltiaslahisa a l ni temreadriyu m.
inC hinmeesaent shl ei teqruaarlyoir st tyr ucotfau ner ses aWyi.t ahd vankcneodw l 6Latcehra ntgoe4 d0t ,h etno3 7a,n cda lledjuh'i±i'ffn� fw uIt'hpa hwo netic
edgoefC hinteesrem in,to hlinosogn y-Chuisnaeogsfeae C hinteesrehm a bse edni s
cardienfd a voofwr e nyoar"n C J-asCshiicnaeflso terh" le i telraanrgy_ uage. symbols.'
10 11
INTRODUCTION THEC HINELSAEN GUAGE
direocfts itocinll olas peprr otaotc hhpe u rdei aloefPc eti piannmgda) , chararcattethrhesars n e rvaisan nag l phaTbheetwr.ee r aen sdt airlel
chinwearssye u tpt ot ratiena cthote erastc hhNe a tiLoannaglu -aogre mantye chndiicffiaclua lswt eialeslss o cainapdlo lihtuircdtalolbe ess u r
GwoyaesMu ,a ndairnsio ncw a llientd h-sec hoIonl1 s9.3s 7h,o rbtely mountbeedfa onrfyeo romfa lphcaabbnee tu seadsa g enemreaalon fs
fotrhewe a rt,hg eo vernsmuebnstit dhifezo eludar r gest ipntu hbel ishers writing.
counitntr hyme a nufaocftt yuprmeea triinxw ehsie cahcc hh aracter is 11S.ystoeRfmo sm anizNaattiiRooonnm:aa ln iz-aTthiteor na.n scrip
caisnto nbel owciktt hhp er onunciinadtiicooantnt he redi ghts-ihdaen,d tioofCn h inseosueni dnts hL ea tailnp hiaasbs oe ltad st hmee etoiftn hge
anodr dearlteled x tbtohorkotsuh gsehi xgtrhah deen cetfobo epr rtihn ted Easatn Wde stT.h eea rlkineoswstny s tefmoartomifs c p elwlaitsnh ga t
ins ucthy pseot, h aatlr le admiantgtc eorub lesd e lf-pronouncing. ofM attReioc( c1i5 52-w1h6i1rc0eh)p ,r7e stehMneat nedda orfai rno und
Whiolrei gicnhaielemlfpy h awsalisas oi ndt huen ificoafpt rioonnu ncia 160E0x.t enussoiefvr eo mantiezxdetidnsd o cto muen tciolm paratively
tiotnwo,ot hdeerv elohpamveaens tssui mnecdr eiamspionrgat sat nicmee recenwthletynh, Ce h risBtiibatlnre a,n silnatvtoae rdi doiuasl ienc ts
goeosn . romanfiozrebmde, g taobn e t augbhymt i ssionaries.
9.Leaming-Mtoov-eRme-eanOdtn .re e cdeenvte loipasml eenatr n In1 92t8h,se y stoefGm w oyReoum at(zGyR.h. o)r,N atiRoonmaaln iza
ing-tmoo-vreemamedan kti,un sgoe ft hNea tiPohnoanlLe ettitcne orws ti8o wna asd opbtyet dh geo vernamneidnn tc orpiontr harete evdi sed
availoantb hlseei doeft hceh aracTtheerosr.e ttihcceoa mlbliyn,a tion stanodpfar rodn uncsiiabdtyesi iowdnie,tt hhN ea tiPohnoanle tic Letters,
shohueltldhp s ep roefsa tda npdraorndu ncwihaiitcdtiho o etnso,c ear tain int hoeffi cidailc tiGownoaiCrnhy a rngTyzoynhqho uf1e 9y3 2T.h iiss
exteBnutit.n g enetrharele ,s iunslo tet x acwthlatyth per omoetxers theoreats iycsatoleftlm ry a nsctrobi eup steoidno lnwy h eCnh inneasmee s
pectSeidn.ic tie sd iffictuotl eta acnhld e aMrann dawriitanhp erfect orw oradrsme e ntiionanf eodr etiegoxnrti np ubsliigcfn ofsro reigners
pronunctihaNeta itoinoP,nh aoln eLteitctt ehresm saerlpevr eosn ounced (thoiunpg rha cmtoiscgteo vernmdeenpta rttmheenmtssfe ollvtlehosew
witahh i gdhe gorfle oec aaclc eInnts.to efba edih nagr mhfouwle,tv heirs, usaogffe o reiignCn heirbnsyau sitnhgWe a dsey stoefrm o manization
natuprraalca tcitcueha ellltpyhsr e e atdoeu rn dertshtmeae nadn oifan g fomro sptu rposAecst)u.ai lhtla byse, e rne gaarndudesd e adsa s ystem
charascitniecitrens , e arientr hs,eh aodfse o uinnfdo ,it nc lassitfioc ation, ofw ritbiypn rgo mootfte hrReso manizMaotvieomne nt.
thdei aloeftc hltee arInteiar ss. i ifn l eartnhiCenh gi nweosrfede ' ye x Thdei stifnecattoiuNfvra eet ional Riotsmh aiansttip zesalytllislo anb les
pensaenE, n'g lish-sstpuedwaeeknrpiteen rgm ittopt reodn oiustno cmee ind iffetroennwetis td hi ffelreetntiten rssto,efw a idtd hi acrmiatriokcrsa l
thilnig'k fee teh,ur'se minodnioenft g h Een glwiosrohdf s imimleaarn figuraesms a,(i9h irgihst ionn'get b)ou rmya'(e: l roiws tionn'get b)ou :y '
in-gt hoen ldyi fferbeenictnehg a itnt, h cea soefC hintehsweeo ,r ds may( faltloinn'egt)s o e lolrs' h;a 'ut bou rns'h:a'o f elwi,t tslheaw' :
written with iadrerene tcaiolcg anlaT thcepehsh a.or naecttuiencrasl ly 'youthTfhuimlsa' k.e tsh sep elmloirncego mplibcuagtti evdae,ns
satisfraecsitutsolh rtey r efore heidguuhcslaeytf iuoln.a lly indivitdout ahplehi ytsyi oogfnw oomrydw si,tw hh iictih sp osstiob le
10R.omanization -MTohveoe tmhdeeenrvt e.l oipstm heen tm ove assomceiaantiienan w ga nyo pto ssiintb hlceea osffe o rwmistt ho ne-signs
It
menfto ard optainan lgp habetoifwc r iftoiSrnymgs .to efsm ism plified addaesad n a fterthoiunsgo nhtet c.e sfsoaarf r oyr eoirgaCn heirn ese
writainnsdgt enogbraaspoehnsdy o uhnadbd e edne vilsoenbdge ftohree whow ishteols e atrhnse t anddairadlt eodc etc iodnte h peo ssiobri lity
appearoaftn hcNeea tioPnhaoln eLteitct eMriss.s iohnaavrueis eesd desiroabfwi rliitCtihyni gni ents heLe a tailnp hianbsettoe fia ncd h arac
varirooumsa ntiezxietnvds a ridoiuasl eAcc tusr.ic oiursc umasbtoauntc e terBsu.at s a ni nstrouftm eeanctht ionnsgap,le lhlaipsnr go vienpd r ac
thaed opotifto hNnea tioPnhaoln Leettitcte hrrsos wosml ei gohnht o w titcobe e am ospto wearifidune ln abtlhisent gu dteogn rtat shpme a terial
It
peoplloeo kaettd h per obaltet mh atti meW.h etnh Ceo mmitotne e witphr ecainscidlo ena rniefsso str.h riesa tshoanNt a tiRoonmaaln i
Unificastuibomnii tttfisen dar le potrott h Mei niosftE edru caFtui on zathiaobsne eand opitnte hdci osu rse.
Ts�ng-hhsehi easnigta,ab togeuidtv oiffincgis aaln cttoti hooncs uer ious 12D.ragunSoyvs'tsoe fmL atinizLaattiion-nxA:u s ay.s toefm
charatchtlaetor oslk ieJkdae p aknaetsaek Tahneaon.n dea aym emboefr romanizatiboyAn .D rdaegvuifnsotoerevd a cthhiCenh gi nienRs ues sia
thCeo mmiatrtreaent goh eadva eno theriwlilsiemt aeirrdae tabede fore
7S eLeo C h'angC-opn'terii,b buytt ihJoeen ssu tioCt hsi nPehsoen ol(oiCgnhy i nese),
thmei niasn teewrs pparpienrit nte hdNe a tiPohnaoln etic HLee tters. Bulloeftt hIienn s toifHti ustteao nrPdyh iloolfAo cgayd eSmiinai1 c.3a.,(2 16993 0).
wasso i mprewsisttehhdp e e rfortmhaahntesc ter aigohrtdwetarhyee d sS eWe. S imoTnh,Ne e wO fficiCahli nLeasteSi cnr iGpwto,yR eoum atLzoynhd,on ,
adoptoifto hsney stHeomw.e vaesir tt, u rnoeudth ,ii sn teprreosvte d 1942.
tob eo nltyr ansainttdoh sreyy s toeftm hN ea tiPohnoanlLe ettitcwe arss DW ithoduits clariemsipnogn saisba iv leiratycy t,im veem beorft hCeo mmitotne e
Unificaftoitroh nme,e riatnsdd efeocftt hsse·y stIem mu,s gti vcer etdoim tyc olleague
relegtaott hesede confduanrcyot fii onnd ictahtpeir nogn uncoifa tion LiYnu tafnogtr h ied eoafv arytihnsegp eltloii nngd idciaffteer ientn ocnee .
13
12 THEC HINELSAEN GUAGE
INTRODUCTION
onlwyh etnh erye mihnidom fw orhdeas l rekandoyww si,tt ho naena dl l.
tor eahdab se epno pualmaornt ghC eh inCeosmem unuinsdtteshrn e a me
Latinxua Whecno nfrwointwthoe rdod ust shiivdsoe c abuhlewa irblyeql, u iutnea ble
of orL atinizTahtseiy osntd.eo men sod ti stitnognueeixssc he pt
adh oc tos atyh eiman C hinweasyeU. s ianggaa inan n alwoigtEyhn glvioswhe ls,
foarf ewwo rdTsh.e hraebs e ecno nsidceornatbrlobeve etrwseye n
leutss upptohs'aect o l'dc,a'l alne'ddc, u'l' wl eerdaelw lr it'tce'nl d.'
advocoafNt aetsi oRnoamla nizaanttdih ooonsf Le a tinsxoumae,t imes
Theanp erwsiorlnel a dsiulpytp hlseyu itvaobwlie'enlc ''wl hdehner eads:
witqhu iitrer elaervgaunmteT nhtfeso .r mceaLrla lt iancx oumam unistic
'Itv'esrc y'o ludt soir'd:Me r,Js'o. n jeuscs 'tul pd. B'u ithf i vso cabulary
systaesima f,s ystoeftm r anscwreircpeat piaoobnfhl aev iannig d eology.
AdvocoafLt aetsi noxntu haoe,t hhearnh da,vc ea lled RNoamtainoinzaal doensoa tl recaodnytt ahwieon r' cd ullheewd o,u'nl odbt ea btloes atyh e
tiaot no ooftl h beo urgbeeociasiuidtsei e ff eretnotniaeansttd eh uses oef wor'dc ''al tad lilna s entleink'ceTe:h eflsoflw ewresrc e'f lrdo hmig sa r
tonpaalt tiesarf nesa toufbr oeu rgpeooeitsBr yyt .h sea mree asoning, dene,v'et nh ouhgemh a yg ueistmsse ancionrgr eIcnot tlhywe.or r idts ,
sinbcoeu rgpeooeaitlssms aok ues oefa llitaenradas tsioonnaa p nrcoel,e woubledi mpostsoli ebalnreen ww o rfdrso rme adwihnigwc,oh u bleda
tarsiyasnt oefsm p elwloiunalgld sh oa vteod ow ithcoounts oannadn ts fatdaelf feocarts ystoefam l phawbreittieicsn pge,cf ioeardl ulcya tional
vowels! purpoTsheuesp .s hoofat lt lhi itssh tahtte o neslyesstosefr m o manization
knowansL atinpxoupaua,ls ia itris n m anqyu artievsre sra,yr tiifinc ial
Thvea loufee i tshyesrto ebmv iocuasnlnbyoee t s tabolnit shbheae sdi s
ofs ucahr gumeTnhtgesr .e adtieffisctwu iltatth yo neless loirkteh ographsyt yalneld i miitnfe udn ctNioog noso.cd o mmunoirms otn,a rchist for
thmaatt tweoru,wl adn atf ormw roiftw ihnimgca hk reesa daig nuge ssing
Latinixstu haai ttd oensow tr itthele a nguGaigveae.s n e otfc ertain
gameA.n yp atrwioouwtla dn ats ysttehmag ti vaeltslh c eo nstiotfu ents
word-feolremmiiennngal t asn g-uacgoen sonvaonwteasln,std ,o n-es
wordIsts. h oublemd a dcel ehaorw,e vtehrat,thm ea joorfiCt hyi nese,
thnea tusrtayollfa pe e rssopne'iestsc h hre e soufal net q uilibbertiwueme n
conciasnevdne ersbsoa suittoym ataircraialvtule nydd tehroe p podseing whatetvheeirid re olaorgaeir,nee os mt u ccho ncewrintlehad t iniozra tion
manodefsc onaonmadyu diitnotreyl liAgnoi rbtihloigttryha.wap rthi yt es romaniaznacdta iroornnty h ediaril liyof fre e adainnwdgr itiintn hge
letshsa anlt lh weo rd-foerlmeimnedgni tsstt uhriebsqs u iliabnrdi um gooodlc dh arawchtie'crehsv ,e ry-baoldayns,oe,'tv erybokdnyo!w s-.
13R.omaniozfWae tniyo-anTn h.ae v ersatgyoelfs e p eeacswh eh, a ve
creaadt ielse fmombrao twhr iatnerdre adIefarw .r iutseehrsi n so rmal
styhlewe i,ll ela ver eattdhoeeu r n cergtuaeisnsi hifen t gr;it eocs o mpen seeinst, h ree soufla tne quilibrium baentidwn eteenl leicgoinboimlyi ty
saftoetr h leo isnds i stincbtyti hvuees onefae p sasd dweodr,sd tyy tlhee, relattoti hsveoe u n(disn cltuodnioenftsg h)l e a nguNaogwse o.m dei alects
reswuilblteal k inodfl angtuhaangtoeo nneo rmsapleloayrwk rsi tTeos . havmeo rseo untdoas s yllaanbadlg er eavtaerrio efst yyl ltahbalne s
bes urgei,ve enno ucgohn toertx htse i tuamtuicmohan yb, e g uesfsreodm otheDrosei.stt h etna kfee wseyrl lfaobsrlo emdsei altehcaftnoso r t hers
anu nder-diffoerrtehnotgiwraiattpehhdpoy au dtd ijnugsa,tsm umbled tos atyh sea mteh inOgnt? h piosi Sn.Wt .,W ill1i0ha amgssi vaev ne ry
speoerec vhe agn r ucnaton f tbeeun n dersAts oeondt.le in'kcAeeww: ant suggeasntsiwivenaerc ompartaatboilfvte eh t er ansloafatl iiotnesr ary
awg laawwscfsa lwlaeatdw'i qsu iitnet elwlhiegtihhbeelaroer rr d e aadl, teixntnt iond ei aleTchteisras.ed ecitdreetdno dw agrrde avteerrb osity
thouigdthi spewnistdehis s tinocfvt oiwqoeunlas l iBtuiytaf. l Eln glish int hneo rtdhiearlnwe hcitacsrh,pe o oirnesr o untdhsai,nnt hseo uthern
vowewlesrl ei' kae'w i 'na wmla,n'ty h isnagiisdn a n ormwaalyw ould dialeIcnot tsh.we orr dtshs,em altlhveear r ioefst yyl latbhglere esa,t er
nobte i ntell'iTghiiibscsl a elw.la etd'ew routlhde nnob te d istinguish thneu mboefsr y lliattba lketesoss a tyh sea mteh inTgh.ii sns o s urprise,
ablfer o'mT:h iicsso lwda teWrh.a'tt h aed vocoafLt aetsi ndxoau nad siniciteas c aosfet hgee nesryamlb porliinctc hiatpthls eei ozfce o mplex
advoitshete ord soi st o" bluopw" t hesitryt loge r eavteerrb oasnidt y symbionlcsr ewaisttehhds ee crienta hsveea rioefet lye meFnotersx .
makieat h abtiowt r itthei lnig'ksTe h:i si-sh-ebreei ngw aitceer-,c'a lleda mpliett,a ktewsfio g ur'e1st6 o'w ritthene u mbseitrxe eonnt hues ual
whetrhere e adweorut lhde nno dte peunpdov no wel-difsotirin nction basoeft ebnu,fit v fieg u'r1 e0s00o0nt' hb ea soeft woo;ra ,g aiittna ,k es
telligibility. lontgoes ren amd e ssiantg heMe o rcsoed teh abnyt eletytphceeo, d ea s
Anotdhieffirc wuilttayhnu yn der-diffoerrtehnotgiirtsaah tpatehthdy e haosn ltyht eh reelee moefdn ottss , adnapdsa huesse,s .
natsipveea okfael ra nguageb edc iasnsnuooarptd r eodh ifbriomtmae kd Noww hat awbeonuyotart n h lei tesrtayrwlyhe i,ac swh es aiipds r o
its
inugs oefa ltlhw eo rd-feolremmienngt asr aewl hrieiacntdh hly ea nguage. nouncienad sm any awsta hyesar rdeei aleWchtaists? s taotfee q uilib
NoC hinceasfnee tehlah tei tsa lkCihnignu enslehe est sa lwkistt ho nes. riumT?h aen swetrh astii snwc een yiansno u ts uaslployke exnci entp hte
He mbaety r aitnowe rdii tnaev erwyo rsdtyy olrte ow, r iwtiet htoounte s, foromcf l icihhtae nssoe , q uiloiafbu rdiiuitmno treyl liSgiinwbceienl yiatny.
buhtec annboeet d ucaoutotefs d p eaokrir nega dwiinttgho neCso.n se
quenhtelw yib,le la blteor eawdo rwdrsi titnaet no nerloemsasn ization
