Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China An International History - Bruce A Elleman Stephen Kotkin

256 Pages·2020·1.56 MB·English

MANCHURIAN
RAILWAYS
and the
OPENING OF CHINA

A publication of the Northeast Asia Seminar

Rediscovering Russia in Asia

Siberia and the Russian Far East

Edited by Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff

Mongolia in the Twentieth Century

Landlocked Cosmopolitan

Edited by Stephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman

Korea at the Center

Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia

Edited by Charles K. Armstrong, Gilbert Rozman,
Samuel S. Kim, and Stephen Kotkin

Manchurian Railways and

the Opening of China
An International History

Edited by Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin

M.E.Sharpe
Armonk, New York
London, England

An International History

Edited by
Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin

MANCHURIAN
RAILWAYS
and the
OPENING OF CHINA

Copyright © 2010 by M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc.,
80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Manchurian railways and the opening of China : an international history / [edited] by Bruce A.
Elleman and Stephen Kotkin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-2514-4 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Railroads—China—Manchuria—History—20th century. 2. Manchuria (China)—History—
20th century. 3. China—Economic conditions—20th century. I. Elleman, Bruce A., 1959- II.
Kotkin, Stephen.
HE3289.M3M36 2009

385.0951'8—dc22
2009020607

Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ANSI Z 39.48-1984.

~

IBT (c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

For Serge Kassatkin (1917–2007), UC Berkeley Professor:

Harbin émigré, expert on Mongolian and other Asian languages,

and beloved teacher of Russian

Contents

About the Editors and Contributors
ix

Acknowledgments
xi

Preface
Stephen Kotkin
xiii

Maps
xvii

Introduction
Bruce A. Elleman, Elisabeth Köll, and Y. Tak Matsusaka
3

Part I
Competing Railway Imperialisms
11

1.
The Chinese Eastern Railway from the First Sino-Japanese War
until the Russo-Japanese War

S.C.M. Paine
13

2.
Japan’s South Manchuria Railway Company in Northeast

China, 1906–34

Y. Tak Matsusaka
37

3.
Sino-Soviet Tensions and Soviet Administrative Control

over the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1917–25

Bruce A. Elleman
59

4.
Railway as Political Catalyst: The Chinese Eastern Railway

and the 1929 Sino-Soviet Conflict

Felix Patrikeeff
81

Part II Competing Railway Nationalisms
103

5.
Technology Transfer in Modern China: The Case of Railway

Enterprises in Central China and Manchuria

Chang Jui-te
105

6.
Chinese Railroads, Local Society, and Foreign Presence:

The Tianjin-Pukou Line in pre-1949 Shandong

Elisabeth Köll
123

viii

7.
Railways in Communist Strategy and Operations in

Manchuria, 1945–48

Harold M. Tanner
149

8.
Return of the Chinese Changchun Railway to China

by the USSR

Zhang Shengfa
171

Epilogue: Rivers of Steel: Manchuria’s Railways as a Natural

Extension of the Sea Lines of Communication

Bruce A. Elleman
195

Selected Bibliography
209

Index
223

ix

About the Editors and Contributors

Chang Jui-te is Professor of History at Chinese Culture University and Adjunct
Researcher at the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Taipei. His main
publications include Ping-Han tielu yu Hanbei di jingji fazhan, 1905–1937 (The
Peking-Hankow Railroad and Economic Development in north China, 1905–1937
(Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1987); Zhongguo jindai tielu shiye guanli di yanjiu:
zhengzhi cengmian di fenxi, 1876–1937 (Railroads in Modern China: Political
Aspects of Railroad Administration, 1876–1937) (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1991);
and Kangzhan shiqi di guojun renshi (Anatomy of the Nationalist Army, 1937–1945)
(Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1993).

Bruce A. Elleman is a Research Professor in the Maritime History Department,
Center for Naval Warfare Studies, at the US Naval War College, and author of
Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations,
1917–1927 (M.E. Sharpe, 1997); Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989 (Routledge,
2001, translated into Chinese); Japanese-American Civilian Prisoner Exchanges
and Detention Camps, 1941–45 (London: Routledge, 2006); and Moscow and the
Emergence of Communist Power in China, 1925–30: The Nanchang Uprising and
the Birth of the Red Army (London: Routledge, 2009).

Elisabeth Köll is an Associate Professor in the Entrepreneurial Management unit at
the Harvard Business School. She is author of From Cotton Mill to Business
Enterprise: The Emergence of Regional Enterprises in Modern China (Harvard
University Asia Center, 2003) and various articles. Her current book project
involves a multi-faceted analysis of how railroads as new technology and
infrastructure contributed to China’s economic and social transformation from 1895
to the present.

Stephen Kotkin is Rosengarten Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at
Princeton University, where he is also a Professor of International Affairs in the
Woodrow Wilson School for policy, and has authored, co-authored, or co-edited
twelve books, including most recently Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of
the Communist Establishment, with a contribution by Jan Gross (New York:
Random House, 2009).