Table Of ContentManaging Sex in the U.S. Military
Studies in War, Society, and the Military
General Editors
Kara Dixon Vuic
Texas Christian University
Richard S. Fogarty
University at Albany, State University of New York
Editorial Board
Peter Maslowski
University of Nebraska– Lincoln
David Graff
Kansas State University
Reina Pennington
Norwich University
Managing Sex in the
U.S. Military
Gender, Identity, and Behavior
Edited by Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan,
Shannon Portillo, and Kara Dixon Vuic
University of Nebraska Press
Lincoln
© 2022 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska
All rights reserved
The University of Nebraska Press is part of a land- grant
institution with campuses and programs on the past, present,
and future homelands of the Pawnee, Ponca, Otoe- Missouria,
Omaha, Dakota, Lakota, Kaw, Cheyenne, and Arapaho
Peoples, as well as those of the relocated Ho- Chunk, Sac and
Fox, and Iowa Peoples.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Bailey, Beth L., 1957– editor. | Doan, Alesha E.,
1972– editor. | Portillo, Shannon, editor. | Vuic, Kara Dixon,
1977– editor.
Title: Managing sex in the U.S. military: gender, identity, and
behavior / edited by Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan, Shannon
Portillo, and Kara Dixon Vuic.
Other titles: Managing sex in the United States military
Description: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, [2022] |
Series: Studies in war, society, and the military | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: lccn 2021031553
isbn 9781496219022 (hardback)
isbn 9781496229885 (paperback)
isbn 9781496230850 (epub)
isbn 9781496230867 (pdf)
Subjects: lcsh: Soldiers— Sexual behavior— United States. |
Soldiers— Family relationships— United States. | Sexual
harassment in the military— United States. | Gay military
personnel— United States. | Sexual minority military
personnel— United States. | Transgender military personnel—
United States. | United States— Armed Forces— Women. |
bisac: history / Military / United States | social
science / Women’s Studies
Classification: lcc uh630 .m36 2022 | ddc 813/.54— dc25
lc record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2021031553
Set in Minion Pro by Mikala R. Kolander.
Contents
Acknowledgments | vii
List of Abbreviations | ix
Introduction | 1
Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan, Shannon Portillo,
and Kara Dixon Vuic
Part 1. Behavior
1. The U.S. Army’s Management of Sexuality at Home
and Abroad, 1898– 1940 | 19
Andrew Byers
2. Compensation, Commerce, and Conjugality: Managing Male
Heterosexuality in the U.S. Military from World War II
to the War on Terror | 43
Susan L. Carruthers
3. “A Higher Moral Character”: Respectability and
the Women’s Army Corps | 71
Beth Bailey
Part 2. Family and Reproduction
4. “We Recruit Individuals but Retain Families”: Managing
Marriage and Family in the All- Volunteer Force,
1973– 2001 | 95
John Worsencroft
5. Reproduction in Combat Boots | 119
Kara Dixon Vuic
Part 3. Orientation and Identity
6. A Comparative Analysis of the Military Bans on Openly
Serving Gays, Lesbians, and Transgender Personnel | 143
Agnes Gereben Schaefer
7. Formal Regulation, Cultural Enforcement:
Managing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
and Expression in the U.S. Military | 171
Jacqueline E. Whitt
Part 4. Sexual Assault and Prevention
8. Problematic Policies and Far- Reaching Consequences:
Historicizing Sexual Violence in the U.S. Military | 197
Kellie Wilson-B uford
9. Managing Harassment and Assault in the
Contemporary U.S. Military | 219
Amanda Boczar
Part 5. Gender, Sexuality, and Combat
10. Combat Exclusion Policies and the Management of
Gender Difference in the U.S. Military | 245
Elizabeth Mesok
11. Brothers in Arms? Combat, Masculinity, and Change in
the Twenty- First- Century American Military | 275
Christopher Hamner
12. “The Juice Ain’t Worth the Squeeze”: Resisting
Gender Integration in Special Forces | 307
Alesha E. Doan and Shannon Portillo
Afterword | 335
Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan, Shannon Portillo,
and Kara Dixon Vuic
Contributors | 337
Index | 343
Acknowledgments
This collection grew from a symposium that brought fourteen schol-
ars and two representatives from the U.S. Army’s Sexual Harass-
ment/Assault and Prevention Office to the University of Kansas
(ku) in February 2018. The purpose of that symposium was to
create an opportunity for historians, policy scholars, and practi-
tioners to discuss the U.S. military’s efforts to “manage sex” from
the early twentieth century to the present day. Many of the partic-
ipants in that meeting wrote chapters in this book, and all helped
to shape its final outline.
The editors are grateful to ku’s Center for Military, War, and
Society Studies and to Texas Christian University’s history depart-
ment and its LCpl. Benjamin W. Schmidt Professorship of War,
Conflict, and Society in Twentieth-C entury America for major
sponsorship of the initial symposium; to Jena Gunter and the staff
of ku’s Institute for Policy and Social Research for their logisti-
cal support; to ku’s Hall Center for the Humanities for physically
hosting the meeting; and to ku PhD student Marjorie Galelli, who
made both conceptual and practical contributions to this volume.
vii
Abbreviations
aclu American Civil Liberties Union
aef American Expeditionary Forces
anc Army Nurse Corps
avf all- volunteer force
awol absent without leave
ca Civilian Affairs
caaf Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
champus Civilian Health and Medical Program of the
Uniformed Services
cma Court of Military Appeals
cst Cultural Support Teams
dacowits Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the
Services
dadt Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell
dcpc Direct Combat Probability Coding
dod Department of Defense
dodi Department of Defense Instruction
dgcar Direct Ground Combat and Assignment Rule
fets Female Engagement Teams
frgs Family Readiness Groups
gao Government Accountability Office
hqmc Headquarters Marine Corps
lbg Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual
lgbtq Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer
macv Military Assistance Command, Vietnam
magtf Marine Air Ground Task Force
miso Military Information Support Operations
ix
