Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals. From Fundamental Research to Practical Strategies

501 Pages·1990·9.89 MB·English

by  Maurice B. Green

Managing Resistance
to Agrochemicals
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
421
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES
Managing Resistance
to Agrochemicals
From Fundamental Research to Practical
Strategies
Maurice B. Green, EDITOR
Independent Consultant
Homer M. LeBaron, EDITOR
Ciba-Geigy Corporation
William K. Moberg, EDITOR
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
Developed from a symposium sponsored
by the Division of Agrochemicals
at the 196th National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society,
Los Angeles, California,
September 25-30, 1988
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1990
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Managing resistance to agrochemicals: from fundamental research to
practical strategies
Maurice B. Green, editor; Homer M. LeBaron, editor;
William K. Moberg, editor.
p. cm.—(ACS Symposium Series, ISSN 0097-6156; 421)
"Developed from a symposium sponsored by the
Division or Agrochemicals at the 196th National Meeting
of the American Chemical Society, Los Angeles, California,
September 25-30, 1988."
Includes bibliographical references
ISBN 0-8412-1741-6
1. Pesticide resistance—Congresses. I. Green,
Maurice B. (Maurice Berkeley) II. LeBaron. Homer M.
III. Moberg, William K., 1948— . IV. American Chemical
Society. Division of Agrochemicals. V. American
Chemical Society. Meeting (196th: 1988: Los Angeles,
Calif.) VI. Series.
SB957.M35 1990
623'.95—dc20 89-77580
CIP
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American Chemical Society
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
ACS Symposium Series
M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor
1990 ACS Books Advisory Board
Paul S. Anderson Michael R. Ladisch
Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Purdue University
Laboratories
V. Dean Adams Dow Chemical Company
Tennessee Technological
University Robert McGorrin
Kraft General Foods
Alexis T. Bell
University of California— Daniel M. Quinn
Berkeley University of Iowa
Malcolm H. Chisholm Elsa Reichmanis
Indiana University AT&T Bell Laboratories
Natalie Foster C. M. Roland
Lehigh University U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
G. Wayne Ivie Stephen A. Szabo
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Conoco Inc.
Agricultural Research Service
Wendy A. Warr
Mary A. Kaiser Imperial Chemical Industries
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company Robert A. Weiss
University of Connecticut
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
Foreword
The ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was founded in 1974 to provide a
medium for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The
format of the Series parallels that of the continuing ADVANCES
IN CHEMISTRY SERIES except that, in order to save time, the
papers are not typeset but are reproduced as they are submitted
by the authors in camera-ready form. Papers are reviewed under
the supervision of the Editors with the assistance of the Series
Advisory Board and
symposia; however
lished papers are not accepted. Both reviews and reports of
research are acceptable, because symposia may embrace both
types of presentation.
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
Preface
ISTANCE OF PESTS TO AGROCHEMICALS is a problem of growing
importance and international scope. The consequences include serious
crop damage, loss of highly effective compounds soon after their
introduction, and abandonment of certain crops in areas where pests
have become insensitive t
agrochemical is affected
or improperly managed, will significantly reduce worldwide agricultural
production and public health. It is the greatest challenge that the
agrochemical industry faces.
This book reflects the conviction of the editors and authors that
resistance can be understood and combated effectively. It describes the
current situation: distribution and seriousness of pest resistance to
insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, and what is known about the
nature and mechanisms of resistance. It goes on to discuss what can be
done with this knowledge and what is needed for continued progress.
Though the first instance of insecticide resistance was recorded as
long ago as 1914, resistance was not serious or widespread until potent,
highly specific organic compounds such as DDT and organochlorines
were introduced in the 1940s. Almost three decades passed before
fungicides were widely affected, but when protectants were replaced by
more active systemic compounds in the early 1970s, resistance developed
within a few years. More recently, herbicide resistance has evolved
rapidly from localized and isolated cases, such as those involving
triazines, to a worldwide acknowledgment of the problem, even with the
newer, low-rate herbicides.
Meanwhile, our chemical arsenal has been hard-pressed to keep pace.
The traditional response to resistance, switching to new compounds, has
become less practical due to substantial increases in the time and
expense of agrochemical discovery and development. Simultaneously,
older products, including many that are valuable for resistance
management, are subjected to increasing regulatory scrutiny and possible
cancellation.
Biotechnology and biological control methods show promise in
selected situations but are unlikely to have a major effect on agriculture
in the near future. Nor should they be considered as replacements for, or
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In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
in competition with, chemicals. Rather, we anticipate and encourage
their complementary use. Experience with pests makes it clear that the
maximum number of control options must be maintained; otherwise,
biological and genetic controls will likely be overcome by resistant pests,
just as many chemical controls have been.
Fortunately, the situation is far from hopeless. Rapid progress is
being made as ignorance and controversy are replaced by
interdisciplinary research, communication, and cooperation, especially
within the international agrochemical industry, to limit the use of
specific toxophores. Chemists should play a role in this process, but
until now much of the discussion on understanding and combating
resistance has been taking place in biologically oriented scientific
societies. Yet even here relatively few coordinated efforts have brought
together international expertise
and applied approaches.
With all this in mind, one of us (Maurice B. Green) proposed the
symposium on which this book is based with the following objectives:
• to update the rapidly advancing field of resistance management;
• to inform and involve chemists in combating resistance; and
• to offer a broad, integrated perspective by bringing together
researchers from various scientific disciplines, agronomic focuses, and
geographic locations.
The result is a comprehensive, thought-provoking overview of the
current status and future directions of resistance management. The
extensive treatment of herbicide resistance, previously accorded little
space in unified works on resistance management, is particularly valuable
and reflects the rapid development of this area in recent years. The
authors represent 10 countries, and many have experience on a
worldwide level. These participants represent diverse professional
experience in academic, industrial, and government laboratories working
on fundamental and applied research. Together, their contributions
chart a clear course for the future: interdisciplinary research that cuts
across agronomic and geographic lines; communication among all parties
affected; and proactive, cooperative implementation of practical
measures based on the best scientific evidence available.
The editors began with the conviction that resistance can be
managed. The papers and discussions at the symposium reinforced this
conviction. We believe that this volume will do the same for its readers,
especially those in the chemical community, that it will also provide
them with the latest findings in a dynamic field of critical importance;
xii
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
and that it will inspire many readers to meet the challenge of pest
resistance in the future.
We gratefully acknowledge that a program of this scope, especially
one involving many speakers from overseas, could not have been
presented without generous financial support from the following
companies: in the United States, BASF, Ciba-Geigy, Dow, Du Pont,
Monsanto, NOR AM, Pioneer International, Sandoz Zoecon Division,
and Uniroyal; in the United Kingdom, BASF, Ciba-Geigy, Cyanamid
International, Du Pont, ICI, Pan Brittanica Industries, and Shell; in the
Netherlands, Duphar; and in the Federal Republic of Germany,
Schering. Their contributions underscore the commitment of industry
around the world to support the science needed for effective resistance
management.
Finally, we acknowledg
who participated in the symposium and contributed a chapter to the
book. It is to their credit that we have met our objectives.
MAURICE B. GREEN
79/81 Woodcote Road
Wallington
Surrey SM6 OPZ
England
HOMER M. LEBARON
Ciba-Geigy Corporation
Greensboro, NC 27419
WILLIAM K. MOBERG
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
Newark, DE 19714
November 3, 1989
xiii
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.
Chapter 1
Understanding and Combating Agrochemical
Resistance
A Chemist's Perspective on an Interdisciplinary Challenge
William K. Moberg
Agricultural Products Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,
Stine-Haskell Research Center 300-312C, P.O. Box 30, Newark, DE 19714
Resistance of agricultura
is a problem of growing importance, international
scope, and potentially serious consequences.
Although resistance-induced crises are not yet the
norm, enough have occurred, and with sufficient
severity, to make clear the need for action. It is
also clear that effective action can only result from
interdisciplinary research and cooperation, in which
chemists should play an important role. The intent
of this chapter is to provide readers, particularly
chemists, with background information on the history
and current status of pesticide resistance, its
genetic basis, and definitions of terms relating to
it. Succeeding chapters of this volume support an
optimistic view that we are entering an era when
most cases of resistance can be managed, provided
awareness is followed by a sequence of properly
focused fundamental research, communication,
consensus building, and proactive implementation
of practical measures based on the best scientific
information available.
Resistance of agricultural pests to chemical control is now
recognized as one of the most important challenges to sustaining
worldwide production of food and fiber. The amount and quality of
food produced today are unique in recorded history, arising from
less land and labor than ever before. For the first time, man has
the ability to eliminate hunger if only the barriers to effective
distribution of food and agricultural technology can be overcome.
However, at least for the foreseeable future, this abundance cannot
be sustained, much less expanded, without the continuing contribu
tions of agrochemicals. A similar situation exists in public
0097-6156/90/0421-0001$06.00/0
© 1990 American Chemical Society
In Managing Resistance to Agrochemicals; Green, M., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990.