Managing crises : responses to large-scale emergencies

566 Pages·2009·7.133 MB·English

by  Giles, David W., Howitt, Arnold M., Leonard, Herman B.

Managing Crises
2
Managing Crises
Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies
Edited by
Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. Leonard
Harvard University
with David Giles
Harvard University

3
CQ Press
2300 N Street, NW, Suite 800
Washington, DC 20037
Phone: [phone]; toll-free, 1-866-4CQ-PRESS (1-866-427-7737)
Web: www.cqpress.com
Copyright © 2009 by CQ Press, a division of SAGE. CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Quarterly Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Cover design: Tony Olivis
Composition: BMWW
The paper used in this publication exceeds the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Printed and bound in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Howitt, Arnold M.
Managing crises : responses to large-scale emergencies / Arnold M. Howitt, Herman B. Leonard.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-87289-570-6 (alk. paper)
1. Emergency management—United States. 2. Crisis management—United States. I. Leonard, Herman B. II. Title.
HV551.3.H68 2009
363.34'560973—dc22
2008055443
4
For Maryalice and Kathy
5
Contents
Exhibits
Preface
Part I. Prepared for the Worst? The Dilemmas of Crisis Management
1 Hurricane Katrina
Esther Scott
2 SARS in Toronto
Pamela Varley
Part II. Structuring Crisis Response
3 The 1992 Los Angeles Riots
Susan Rosegrant
4 The Baltimore Tunnel Fire of 2001
Esther Scott
5 The 9/11 Pentagon Emergency
Pamela Varley
Part III. Adapting to Novelty
6 The Hurricane Floyd Evacuation in Florida
Howard Husock
7 The 2003 San Diego Firestorm
Kirsten Lundberg
8 The Anthrax Crisis and the U.S. Postal Service
Kirsten Lundberg
9 Wal-Mart’s Response to Hurricane Katrina
Susan Rosegrant
Part IV. Improving Performance: Dealing with Novelty and Cognitive Bias
6
10 The Forest Service and Transitional Fires
Herman B. “Dutch” Leonard and Jerry T. Williams
11 CDC Develops Its “Team B”
Pamela Varley
Part V. Anticipating Disaster: Event Planning
12 Security Preparations for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games
John Buntin
13 Protecting the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999
David Tannenwald
14 The Seattle Millennium Security Threat
Kirsten Lundberg
15 Security Planning for the 2004 Democratic National Convention
Esther Scott
Conclusion: High Performance in Emergencies: Two Modes of Operation
Index
7
Exhibits
Part I. Prepared for the Worst? The Dilemmas of Crisis Management
Case 1: Hurricane Katrina
Subcase A
Exhibit 1A-1 Metropolitan New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain
Exhibit 1A-2 Greater New Orleans levees, floodwalls, and canals system
Exhibit 1A-3 Louisiana emergency evacuation map
Exhibit 1A-4 National Incident Management System framework
Exhibit 1A-5 Sample Joint Field Office organization during natural disasters
Exhibit 1A-6 Emergency support functions
Subcase B
Exhibit 1B-1 New Orleans area parishes
Exhibit 1B-2 Orleans Parish neighborhoods
Exhibit 1B-3 Metropolitan New Orleans elevations
Subcase C
Exhibit 1C-1 Activated National Guard personnel serving in Louisiana and Mississippi,
2005
Case 2: SARS in Toronto
Subcase A
Exhibit 2A-1 Acronyms
Subcase B
Exhibit 2B-1 Epidemiological curve of the Toronto SARS outbreak
Part II. Structuring Crisis Response
Exhibit II-1 Basic functional structure of Incident Command System
Case 3: The 1992 Los Angeles Riots
Subcase A
Exhibit 3A-1 Map of Los Angeles Police Department Bureaus and South Central Los
Angeles
8
Exhibit 3A-2 Emergency Operations Organization chart, City of Los Angeles
Exhibit 3A-3 Organization of the Los Angeles Police Department
Subcase C
Exhibit 3C-1 Rules of engagement
Case 4: The Baltimore Tunnel Fire of 2001
Subcase A
Exhibit 4A-1 Howard Street Tunnel area
Subcase B
Exhibit 4B-1 Train derailment traffic advisory—road closures
Case 5: The 9/11 Pentagon Emergency
Subcase A
Exhibit 5A-1 Initial triage and treatment sites at the Pentagon
Exhibit 5A-2 Basic Incident Command System structure
Part III. Adapting to Novelty
Case 6: The Hurricane Floyd Evacuation in Florida
Subcase A
Exhibit 6A-1 Florida roadways
Exhibit 6A-2 Hurricane Floyd evacuation assessment: Transportation/clearance time data
summary (for selected counties)
Case 9: Wal-Mart’s Response to Hurricane Katrina
Subcase A
Exhibit 9A-1 Wal-Mart organization chart, 2005
Exhibit 9A-2 Map of New Orleans Hurricane Katrina impact area
Exhibit 9A-3 Additional Wal-Mart contributions to the Katrina relief effort
Part IV. Improving Performance: Dealing with Novelty and Cognitive Bias
Case 10: The Forest Service and Transitional Fires
Exhibit 10-1 Standard firefighting orders
Part V. Anticipating Disaster: Event Planning
Case 12: Security Preparations for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games
Subcase A
Exhibit 12A-1 Acronyms
Exhibit 12A-2 The new Olympic Support Group planning structure
9
Exhibit 12A-3 Map of the Atlanta Olympic ring
Subcase B
Exhibit 12B-1 Timeline of terrorist attacks preceding the Olympics, 1993–1996
Subcase C
Exhibit 12C-1 Timeline of the 911 call (abridged transcript), July 28, 1996
Case 14: The Seattle Millennium Security Threat
Subcase A
Exhibit 14A-1 The Seattle and Vancouver area
Case 15: Security Planning for the 2004 Democratic National Convention
Subcase A
Exhibit 15A-1 Boston Democratic National Convention Steering Committee members
and subcommittees
Exhibit 15A-2 FleetCenter and the Boston area
Subcase B
Exhibit 15B-1 Partial list of operational platforms
Conclusion: High Performance in Emergencies: Two Modes of Operation
Exhibit C-1 Comparison of response modes for routine emergencies and crises
10