Table Of ContentInnovation and Discovery in Russian Science and Engineering
Levon R. Mailyan · Sergey A. Stel’makh ·
Evgenii M. Shcherban’ ·
Mikhail G. Kholodnyak ·
Alla S. Smolyanichenko ·
Ivan A. Parinov · Alexander V. Cherpakov
Management
of Structure Formation
and Properties
of Cement Concretes
Innovation and Discovery in Russian Science
and Engineering
SeriesEditors
Stavros Syngellakis, Ashurst Lodge, Wessex Inst of Technology, Southampton,
Hampshire,UK
JeromeJ.Connor,DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/15790
(cid:129) ’ (cid:129)
Levon R. Mailyan Sergey A. Stel makh
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Evgenii M. Shcherban' Mikhail G. Kholodnyak
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Alla S. Smolyanichenko Ivan A. Parinov
Alexander V. Cherpakov
Management of Structure
Formation and Properties
of Cement Concretes
LevonR.Mailyan SergeyA.Stel’makh
DonStateTechnicalUniversity DonStateTechnicalUniversity
Rostov-on-Don,Russia Rostov-on-Don,Russia
EvgeniiM.Shcherban' MikhailG.Kholodnyak
DonStateTechnicalUniversity DonStateTechnicalUniversity
Rostov-on-Don,Russia Rostov-on-Don,Russia
AllaS.Smolyanichenko IvanA.Parinov
DonStateTechnicalUniversity Mathematics,Mechanics
Rostov-on-Don,Russia andComputerSciences
SouthernFederalUniversity
AlexanderV.Cherpakov Rostov-on-Don,Russia
Mathematics,Mechanics
andComputerSciences
SouthernFederalUniversity
Rostov-on-Don,Russia
ISSN2520-8047 ISSN2520-8055 (electronic)
InnovationandDiscoveryinRussianScienceandEngineering
ISBN978-3-031-08918-3 ISBN978-3-031-08919-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08919-0
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Preface
Increasing construction volumes requires new technological, structural, and design
solutions for reinforced concrete elements. Centrifugation, being an undervalued
production technology, leads to functionally gradient concrete structures made by
it.Thesestructuresvaryintheircharacteristics(density,strength,deformability,etc.)
incrosssection.Inmanycases,thisshouldbetakenintoaccountintheanalysisand
design,butsuchstudiesareinsufficientlyconductedinpractice.Inthisregard,when
calculating and designing the building constructions with a functionally gradient
structure,anunreasonablylargemarginisusuallyadopted,whichleadstoanotice-
ableincreaseinthecostofpromisingbuildingconstructions.IntheexistingRussian
State Standards and scientific literature, there are no theoretical and practical
methods for calculating centrifuged reinforced concrete structures, taking into
account the functional gradient structure and the characteristics of concrete in
cross section. Separate data confirm the high efficiency of centrifugal compaction,
buttheexistingcalculationmethods donotallowustofully usetheadvantagesof
centrifugationduetothelackofaccountingforthefunctionalgradientstructure.
Moreover, there is not enough research that theoretically combine the use of
chemical additives in the composition of the mixing water for further thermal,
mechanical, and mechanochemical treatment (activation) of the initial components
of concrete. The interpretation of the mechanism of influence of this technology
from the standpoint of electromagnetic effects on the forming concrete structure
allows a better understanding of the conceptual approaches to obtaining optimal
characteristics.
By studying and evaluating the electrical properties of the dispersed phase, it is
advisabletouseideasabouttheactivecentersofsolids.Thekineticsandcomplete-
nessofchemicaltransformationssignificantlydependonthetypeandconcentration
of active centers in the solid components of concrete (cement, aggregate, filler),
especially at the interfaces where these reactions are realized. By adjusting the
polarity, charge, and concentration of active centers in the bulk and on the surface
of dispersed components using various technological techniques, it is possible to
v
vi Preface
significantlyinfluencetherheologyofconcretemixturesaswellastherateofgrowth
ofconcretestrength,itspermeability,anddurability.
TheprospectsofworkinthefieldofconstructionmaterialsscienceandR&Dof
new-generationmaterialsaredeterminedby(i)involvingpreviouslyunusedtypesof
raw materials and structures, including those obtained on the base of nanotechnol-
ogy, and industrial waste, and (ii) the use of fundamentally new electrophysical
technologies for processing, obtaining, and activating of building materials during
manufacture.Thisbookattemptstoshowtheprospectsoftheseapproachesbothas
fromtheviewpointofthetheoreticalexplanationoftheactivationeffectmechanism,
asthepredictionofnew waystoimprove theefficiencyofconcreteandreinforced
concretetechnology.
The book comprises nine chapters organized into two parts. Part I includes the
firstsixchaptersanddiscussesinfluenceofmechanicalvibrationsontechnologyof
heavyconcretes.PartIIincludesthelastthreechaptersandisdevotedtodiscussion
of electrophysical impacts on manufacture of cement, foam, and fiber-foam
concretes.
Chapter 1 describes the state of the art and theoretical background for heavy
concrete manufactured by using mechanical vibration. Technologies for the manu-
factureofreinforced concrete products andstructuresofannularcrosssectionwith
functionallygradientstructurearediscussedwithapresentationofthefeaturesofthe
functionallygradientstructuresofcentrifuged(CF)concretes.Thetheoreticalbasis
of calculation methods, accompanied working concepts, goals, and objectives are
given.
Chapter2isdevotedtotechnologyandexperimentalsetupformanufacturingCF
andvibro-centrifuged(VCF)concreteelementswithfunctionallygradientstructure.
Thetheoreticalbasisoftheformationofthefunctionallygradientstructureofthese
solidswithannularcross-sectionarepresentwithexperimentalcentrifugationfacil-
ities.Theirfeaturesandcalculationsofparametersarediscussedwithaselectionof
basicconcretecompositionsoftestsamples.Theresonancemethodandinstrumental
approachestoexperimentalstudiesofprototypesaredeveloped.
Chapter3presentstheaggregateandlocalcharacteristicsofvibrated(V),CF,and
VCF concretes. The schedule and methodology of experimental studies are
discussed together with the aggregate and local structural characteristics of V, CF,
and VCF concretes. In particular, analysis of aggregate density, strength, ultimate
deformations, modulus of elasticity, and diagrams of concrete deformation under
compressionandtensionisperformedandnumericalresultsareobtained.Moreover,
themethods ofexperimental studies of thelocal characteristics ofthe concretes by
ultrasonicmethodaredevelopedandthemechanicalcharacteristicsofthelayersof
functionally gradient cross-section are estimated together with the influence of
concreteageonthelocalcharacteristics.
Chapter 4 is devoted to the evaluation of the aggregate and local structural
properties of V, CF, and VCF concretes. Differences in the integral structural
characteristics of V, CF, and VCF concretes depending on the manufacturing
technology and age are stated. The main factors of influence are centrifugal and
centripetal forces, depending on the distance from the center of rotation and the
Preface vii
angular velocity of rotation. Analytical description of stress-strain diagrams under
compression and tension of the concretes as well as their mutual relationships and
dependence on age are presented. Local structural characteristics of CF and VCF
concretesdependingontechnologicalparametersarealsostudied.
Chapter 5 develops calculation methods of the load-bearing capacity of V, CF,
andVCFreinforcedconcretecolumns,takingintoaccountthestandard,aggregate,
andlocalcharacteristicsofconcrete.Thediagramapproachtothecalculationofthe
load-bearing capacity of short V, CF. and VCF-columns is presented. Moreover,
iterative, approximate, and simplified calculations of the bearing capacity of short
centrally compressed reinforced concrete columns are discussed. A schedule and
experimentalmethodologytogetherwiththefeaturesofmanufacturingandtestingof
prototypes are created and results of numerical experiments are obtained. The
comparison of experimental and theoretical results obtained for V, CF, and VCF
reinforced concrete columns according to the standard, aggregate, and local
approachestocalculationofconcretecharacteristicsisperformedwiththedetermi-
nationoftheload-bearingcapacityofthesesamples.
The methods and approaches to redesign and improvement of CF and VCF
reinforced concrete columns, taking into account the technology of their manufac-
ture, are presented in Chap. 6. Technological, structural, and design advantages of
the proposed actual structures are discussed, and implementation of the research
resultsinthedesignpractice,building,andregulatorydocumentsiscarriedout.
Chapter 7 presents the classification of electrophysical methods regulating the
properties ofcementconcretesonthe baseofknown scientificresults.Electrother-
mal impact on concretes and concrete mixtures is treated. The electromagnetic
activationofmixingwaterbeingoneofthedirectionsinthefieldofimprovingthe
technologyforpreparingconcretemixturesisdiscussedandexperimentalresultsare
present.Electrophysicalimpactoncementslurriesandconcretemixturesisstudied
withclassificationofcorrespondingprocessesandphenomena.
Chapter8presentsthemechanismofinteractionbetweenthemagneticfieldand
mixingwateranditsinfluenceonconcretestrength.Theprocessingofaggregatesfor
concreteisdiscussedfromviewpointofhardeningthecontactlayersofaggregatesin
dependence on electric pulse. The features of the processing of cement for the
preparation of concretes and mortars are considered. The processing of cement
dough in concrete is studied and the mechanism of the influence of the electric
field on the hardening of cements is explained in addition to the effects at the
molecular and ionic levels. The ultrasonic and acoustic activations of concrete
mixtures,similartoelectrophysicaleffects,arealsoconsidered.
In Chap. 9, a method is developed for the activation of concrete mixtures in a
high-voltageACfieldatthestageofmixing,allowingonetoobtainconcreteswith
increasedphysical,mechanical,andoperational properties.Electrictreatmentleads
to adecrease in destructivephenomena at early stage ofhardening, acceleration of
structure formation at the stage of formation of a condensation-crystallization
structure, and more intensive growth of plastic strength. A method for regulating
thestructureformationandpropertiesoffoamandfibro-foamconcretesactivatedby
low-energy AC impact is proposed and its optimal modes are experimentally
viii Preface
revealed.Then,theoptimalmodesoflow-energyprocessingoffoamandfiber-foam
concrete mixtures with AC field are found. The prescription parameters (type,
dosage, particle size of the components of concrete mixtures) are identified that
havethegreatesteffectonthestructureformationandpropertiesoffoamandfiber-
foam concretes. Finally, the influence of electrical activation on the change in the
porosityofheat-insulatingconcreteisinvestigated
Thebook,presentingthemoderntheoreticalandexperimentalproblemsofheavy
concrete elements and constructions with functionally gradient structure, and also
foam- and fiber-foam concretes, manufactured by using various mechanical and
electromagneticvibrations,isintendedforawiderangeofstudents,engineers,and
specialistsinterestedandparticipatinginR&Dofthemodernproblemsofbuilding
materialsandconstructions.1
Rostov-on-Don,Russia LevonR.Mailyan
January2022 SergeyA.Stel’makh
EvgeniiM.Shcherban’
MikhailG.Kholodnyak
AllaS.Smolyanichenko
IvanA.Parinov
AlexanderV.Cherpakov
1ResearchwasfinanciallysupportedbySouthernFederalUniversity,grantNo.VnGr-07/2020-04-
IM(MinistryofScienceandHigherEducationoftheRussianFederation).
Contents
PartI HeavyConcretesandMechanicalVibration
1 State-of-the-ArtandTheoreticalBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 TechnologiesfortheManufactureofReinforcedConcrete
GoodsandStructuresofAnnularCross-Sectionwith
FunctionallyGradientStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 FeaturesoftheFunctionallyGradientStructureof
CentrifugedConcretes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 TheoreticalGroundsofCalculationMethodsfor
CentrifugedReinforcedConcreteStructureswith
AnnularCross-Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 WorkingConcepts,Goals,andObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 TechnologyandExperimentalSetupforManufacturing
Centrifuged(CF)andVibro-centrifuged(VCF)Concrete
ElementswithFunctionallyGradientStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 TheoreticalGroundsoftheFormationoftheFunctionally
GradientStructureofConcreteCF-andVCF-Elements
ofAnnularCross-Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 ExperimentalCentrifugationFacilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1 FunctionalGradientofCentrifugedConcrete. . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 CentrifugationSetups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 CombinedUnitforCentrifugationandVibration
Centrifugation,ItsFeatures,andCalculationsofParameters. . . . . 23
2.4 SelectionofBasicConcreteCompositionsofTestSamples. . . .. 31
2.5 ResonanceMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6 InstrumentalMethodsofExperimentalStudiesofPrototypes. . .. 34
2.7 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
ix
