Man and his Work

404 Pages·1970·14.695 MB·English

by  A. G. Zdravomyslov, V. P. Rozhin, V. A. Iadov

MAN AND HISW ORK
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Editebdy
A.G. ZdravomyslVo.vP ,.R ozhiann dV .A .I adov
EnglisThe xtT ranslaatnedd Edibtye d
StephePn.D unn
InternatAirotansna dlS cienPcreess Isn,c .
WhitPel aiNnesw,Y ork
Originally puabsl Cihsheeldo ive erkor abobtya
"Mys!"P'u blishHionugs eM,o scow,1 967
EditorAs.G:. ZdravomyslVo.vP ,.R ozhiann dV .A .l adov
Editoarn dt ranslaotfEo nrg litsehx tS:t ephePn.D unn
LibraorfyC ongresCsa talCoagr dN umber7 2-77457
lntemtaionAarlt sa ndS ceincePsr eslsn,c .
WhitPel ainNse,w York1 0603
© 1970by I nternatiAorntasaln dS ciencePsr ess, Inc.
All righrtess erved
Printine dt heU niteSdt ateosfA merica
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Iti sa priviletgoep resentth ism ajorw ork ofS oviet
socioloignya completEen glisthr ansliaotn.
I wisht ot hankmy wifeE,t heDuln n, andM rs.J udith
Fabryf ort heipra tienatn d( usualluyn)c omplaining
laborisn t hep reparatioofnt hem anuscript.
StpehenP .D unn
BerkeleyC,a lifornia

CONTENTS
Intrdouction 1
ChapteIr. MethodologiPcoaslt ulateMset,h ods
andT echniquoef t heS tudy( Research
Program) 10
1. SpecificatoifBo ans icC onceptosf t he
Investigation 12
2. Attitude Toward aLsaa b Roers ulotf t he
InteractoifoS no ciaFla ctors 35
3. BasicH ypotheseosft heS tudy 44
4. Objecotf R esearcahn dD escriptioofnt he
Sample 49
5. Methodsa ndT echniquoef G atheriangn d
Processitnhge P rimaryI nformation 58
6. Organizatioann dI mplementatoifot nh e
Study 84
7. Programf orA nalysiosf P rimaryI nfo-r
mationa,n dP lano fF urtheErxp osition 87
ChapteIrI .O bjectiavned S ubjectiCvhea racteris­
ticso ft heA ttituTdoew ardL abor 95
1. ObjectiIvned iceosf t heA ttiteu Tdoward
Labora ndt heF actorDse terminiIntg 95
2. FactorDse terminitnhge L evelo fG eneral
Satisfactwiiotnht heJ ob 119
ChapterM oitveosfL aborAicntgi vaindt y
III.
TheCiorn necwtiitCohon n toefn t
Labor 105
1.D etertmiioonnfMa oitvseo fL aboring
Acitvibtyty h Sep ecCifhaircar citisects
ofC onectrSeo ciStiaulia otns 135
2.G eneSrtarlu ec tMouorfit veosfL abroing
Activity 128
3.I nlfueeno cfS pefciPicec uliieasro iftt he
ContaennCdt ha racotfeL ra boornt he
AttdietT uowarLdab or 197
ChaptIeVr. ITnhfeeln euco fS omTey pollo gica
Charcateriosftt hiPece sro sniatly
of Wtohrek oenrt hAet tutdieT oward
Labor 223
1.S omVea lOureei ntatoifto hnIesn ddiuvail
Wokrre 234
2.A gean Sde x thoWefo rker 253
3.L evoefGl e neErdauclia otonft hWeo krre 263
ChaptVe.rF inCaonlcl suioannsPd r opsoals 248
1.B acsC ionlucsions 248
2.P racatlPi rocpsoalFsol wiOnugot f t he
Stuodfty h Teen decnieosfC hangient he
AtittudoefY onugW orkiPenogp Tloew ard
Labor 300
Appensd ice
A.D ocumePnertatsi nitnot gh Ceol lection
ofPr imrayD ata 361
B.A StiatsticAaplp arfaotuAnrsa lysoifs
RawDa ta 334
C.B asSiumcm aryT ables 307
RefecreeCsni ted 394
INTRODUTCION
Thisb ookt hireses ulotff ouyre aorfws o rkb yt hset aofftf h e
LaboratoorfSy o ciioacllRo esgeracuhn dethrPe h ilosoFpah­cical
(!)
ultoyfL eningSrtaadUt niev resyi.t Ittshm eei st hweo raktt ­i
tudey ooufwn ogr kresi na lairnugdset rcieaenlrts ,u cahsL en­in
graid.s W ek now Mtahraextx psresedt hied ae tohfte r nasofrma­
tioonfl b aoirn tao r fsit neleeiud fn dotefhr ce o nidoinotsf h gihly
develcoopmeumdni tss ocyi.Te otw hadte rgeiest hper ophve­itic
sino tohffe o urn desoifcne ticfoimcum nsimb eing torramnesdf
intaoc tuyai lnai s tocitehtyah tab su isloitca slmia nhda psr ­o
clmaeidt hbeu ilodfic nogmu mnistmob ei tnse xatn idm mietade
ai?m Whaitst hper seenptciu troef t haet tittouwdaelr bado irn
itmso smta ssivfero mi,n udsrtilaalrb o,an adm ontgh apta rotf
thweo rkcilnagws hsi chm aniyrn es pcestd etemrinetsh iem mied­
atper sopcestf rot hdee veloopfms eoncttiy e a-monygo uwnogkr ­
inpge op?l Wehafta ocrtisn ufelntchece h anignte h aet tittu­ode
warldba o,ri nw hadtri eicot,na ntdo w hadteg ere? otrhw eodrs:
In
whahtel pasn wdh ahti nrdste hter anmsaftoirooflnb a oirn tao
frits endeo flf ieT?h iisst hceo mploefq xus etiocnosn sriediden
thbeo ok.
generfarolm, m ans'a ttittouwdaelr bado irs d eertmidnb ey
In
therm eainf acrt.soF iristit s,c onditbiyto hnteeo dt yao lfai ltl
threel aotnishtihpaestx s iti ns ocyia entcdh filebyyt hseo oceic­o
nominca rtueo ft hseo cyi,te htseo cietsailoo nfld baiov,rti hseo­
cilas truurc,eat sw elalst hpeo litsiucpraesrltu ctouftr hege i ven
socyia enttdh ceo ntoefpn utlb icco nsucsinsoe.sT hteo tyao lfri e­t
laotnishiinsp osc yi,pe rtmiaryit lheeoc noimco nse,de temrinse
thtey poefa ttittouwdaelr bado. rT husf,o erx am,pt lheaeil e­na
tionl baootfra skpe laucned ecarp liitsawmh erlbeaor ,in M ar'xs
1
words,be cosm heao stfirolecec ournptsoeetdot hweo rekrA.
veriym ptoarncto ndiftoioroev nro cmitnhgae l ienoafltb aioo-rn
thoungothth oen lcyo ndi-tiitsoh nre e mvoaolfp rviatper orptey
int hmee naso fp ruocdtiaonodnf t hveer yp ossibiyit leoxf plao­it
tioCno.m pleeiltmeai tniooftn h ael ienoaflt baiooirns n othing
butth ter iuomfpt hhh ei hgestp haosfec ommunsits ocyi:teh te
crteiaoonft hmea te-retihcanlicbaalso efc ommunainsdm
theei lmiantioofns g inicfaindtie ferfnecsb ewteecni tayn d
cuontsriy,db eewteecnl ass,sae ndb etweent hbea ssicoci al
grouwpist hcilnae ss.sT hissg iniifetsh eeuq alziatiooftn hc eo n­
tetno flb aoarn ,di nt hferi sitn sntc,aet hreem ovaolfs ingicfaint
diefrfnecseb ewteenp eopelnaegg eidnm entaalnp dhy sciawlo rk,
ansdk ilalneuddn skeidwl olrtkh;ce r teiaotnh,a ntkos cthhagene
int hceo ntoefn tl aanbtdoh rie n rcaesien l esiur,e coofn idoints
fodre velopwionregkr t'pheser n saolailtoym nagn yl isn;teh e
trnasittioto hnce o mumnsitp rincoifdp silter ibauctcriodointn og
needIn. o thweorr ,d stshoicsci ooonemiacs pcet tohafet titude
toward ilsda eebrtomri nbeytd h ceh arrao cfltb aeoirn ab roda
scoiasle n.s e
In thseec onpdlc ae,t haet tittouwdaelr bado irs c onditbiyo ned
thtee chnoloorfg ucintciaaollpn eculiiseao rfti hcteo ntoefanp ta r­
ticucloanrce rf reomto flb aorinagci tviTthyef.u cntiocnotaneln t
oflb aocra bne r eudcde,i nt hfei naanlas liytso,a t otyao lfoi b­t
jcetiovpep oretunsi(t eii..n,od te penodnit nhwgeo rkheirsm e)l f
fotrh dee veloopfmt ehinen tvd iid'useal ssetnicarlt eiavcea paci­
tisei nt hgevi ecno nrectef oromfl b aorinagcv tiity.
In thteh iprlda ,ct ehaet tittouwdaer d ilsca onbnecotre wdi th
thpee culiieaosrft i hsteo icalcloyn ditsitornuecodtf u rwteohr ek ­
er'spe sronyal:ti hcteo ntaennidtn tietnoysft hien diuva'lisnde eds
and eirntetsst,h ceh atrreao cfh siv itiadles aa lnsd trisv,ain ndg
asloh iisn diidvuianlc liion,nha sittsy poefn ervosuysset me,t c.
Thus,t haet tittouwdaelr adb oonrt hoeb ejtcivlee viesdl e etr­
mindeb yt hceh arearoc flt ab(oir,. i edt.e peonndt sht ey poefr e­
lationisnsh oicpyis)ae ntbdy t hceo ntoeflnb ato (rt hfnuec itonal
pecluiairseio tft hceo rnetcef oromfl b aorinagc tyi,)vw ihtiflreo m
thpeo ionfvte i wo ft hseu ebtjco ft hsia ttitiutid sde ee trminbeyd
thtepy oloigaclp eculiiaerosift t hweo rekr'spe sronyal.Ti htec o-n
tenotfl b aor,lk iet hpeer sonatlyip,ti eysp reeedtmrindeb yt he
tedenncsio eft hdee veloopfmt eencth nolporoggrisecsaa nlod ft he
realtionisnhs iopcysi. e t
fu thper see nwto rtkh,te e ndetnocwyat rrda onrsimfnlga bionrt o
2
mans' rftsin eeodfl eiw filblec onsrieddet htdeoe rgeteow hcih
thipsr oscsie sd etremniebdy t hfeu cntiocnoanlt oeflnb ato arn d
thpeer sonay lciahtraercitisctosf t hweo rkere mplody ieni ­n
dust.rT yheb asmiecht oadp plitcoat bhslete u odfty h e sqituoen
posiesdt h aotfc nocrees tocoiigocllra eserac.h
Sociioacllro esgearicsth h mea n-yisdeadn udn ifsiteudod fay
parctuilsaocri parlo ebm,lb asoendm ethoadnstd ce hnuiesqf or
gahterianngd cperisonsg mparrdyia tae,c lisladpye velfoopre d
appclaititoon tphrioesbm l.Th eob ejtcso fr esrecashut dibeyd
thseo clioogciossntttu itaen i nterweoafvv airnigso puhrsee osf
sociarlael i.Tt yhaet utditeto walrbado, rf oerx am,pi lsaep rob­
leimn w hcihe ocnmoic,jr uiicdaelt,ch ai,lp sycghcioal,lao nodht ­
err ealtoinssha irpien terwioncv oemnp lfeaxs h.i on
Marsxtpi hisloopihsyt hgee nemreahtlo doclaoblga iss isoof­ ci
oliocgarles eahr.Hc owerv,ien o rdteors u tdtyh qeu estiino n
grteeadre tlai,iti s n oetn ohut gok notwh gee nelraaswlo f csioal
devleopmfeonmrtu labtyeh dsi tormiactaealrl siim.F otrh siw e
mutst urtnoa b roadilnylc usigvreoo ufpn eihgboridnigcs iplsi.n e
Fotrh sir esaoinit son oef t hpee culiieaosrfs i otclioicogarle­
saerhct haitti si nrtidesicpliinnac rhyac rtraea nid sa s rau le
carerdoi ubty a s cniteiictf ea.m
In prpearitnhmgea teroifa ltssht iufsdo ytr h peer sswe,h ave
tirendo sti pmltyo s eftro htt hrees ul,t sbtuort e evaals much as
possibtlhece no teonftt h ree srehcap roscses eiflta,n odf t hceo ­l
lcetiaonnad n asliyosft heem picraidla ta.
In thferi tsp la,c etmheihtso odf e xposwiitlilro mnpi teth e
raedetrod siocverp ossibfllesa wtihnle o cgo ifo uirtn erparteiton
ori nt htece hnioqfau nea slsiyo ft hdeat .aT hsii se pseciailmly­
poarntbtec autshebe o oiksi ntedn,d teihfnei naanlya islst,op r­o
videi tcison n ucslioanr slei aobrleien taitnio ouner v reydaacy­
tiyv;it thiesn uffciinetlvya lidraectoemdm deaintonosfa s ocli­oo
gsitt,h asn ktthoie rs ceintcia fppieanrcea,c adno m orhea mr than
spceulaetxipvsreise onosfd esirteh actlm a nios ceinftciib aiss.
Seco,bn yd stm hetihoodfe xpsoiito,wn eh opteos atyi,s tfthoe
extetnhtao tu erx preieena cnkdn oewdlegp ermit, etrheeos fti nt
ab roapdub ilci nt hset uodfty h mee thodya onltdoce ghnisqo ufe
cornceets oicarles ecahr. tInhs is eniswtea si mportatnost h ow
ho,w ubsiyn tgh per incsoi fpt lhMeea rsxtai pprotaotc hhse ut dy
ofs oicaplh neomen,aa nwdi htt haei dc oonfmt peoramrehyto ds
and tecfhongria hqteuersia nnagdn yazlienmgp icraidla t,ta hseo­
ciloogtdi rsawtsot hseu rftahcee e tocbijvtee nndcieeosf csioal
3
develop.mT ehnsut,th aei mi nw rittiihnsbg o koi st woolf:dt os et
fohrt threes ulotfts h set uodfay t tittouwdaewr odr akm ontgh e
younwgo rkipnego polfLe e ingnra,ad nd atcoq utat eihr nedaer
witht hceh arraictistceosft ehs ociiotsl'wosog r.k
Thep reossfino oMfa rasx tsi oocligiositsn onte .w iso nly
It
somoeft ehf ucntiwohnissc ohi colyio gsb eginnicnagr ortuyoit n
Soviseotcy it ehtaatr rele avteyiln e.wT hef ucntioonfts hs eo c­iol
oigtsm ay brele atteovd a riloeuvsoe fls soo cliioacgla nyasils.
In
teh rftsip la,ct eheriest eh an alsyiosfp roscseeoscu crrionntg eh
sacloefw orhlsidt oarnycd o nnectewdi tthh set rubggewlteeet nw o
opposseodc cioonmeoiocr dres- tehs oclsiitaa ntdh cea pist.ta li
Ont ihsl eevls,o ciyoc laorgsro iuetteh oertciaaln ided logoiacl
fnuctnis;io nM arsxmit,h seec oin,cw ihdielec apiinst -taolerinited
sociyo tlhoiegd eoialclof gucntiaopnpa ersu ndteehrd efeen siv
covoefsr o -callobjedet vciis.m
thseec onpdlc ae,t ehriest hset uodfty eh i nrtanelp rolbems
In
oft ehs oclsiitas ocloi raedr.O nt ihsl eevls,o clioyogf uflisls le­v
erlaf ucnitnosi:n foartmilot,nh aees esncoefw hilcihse diesn rci­b
inagn adn azlniygs oaclpi rosceses;c irti,ci anwl hiccah sseoi co­l
oygi san i sntrumfeonertav luianptgo ssibsloel uttioso ocnisa l
prolbemasn cdo ntrasdi;acn tdteh iooernti,cw ahleinpt r osv esp­o
sbil,eo nt hbea soifds si ocverreegudl aireiastn tde enndiceosfd e­
velopmteogn itv,em oear olre ssspc eiifcp rnoogsiosff urteu ­de
velopmtae nndc hanignte h seo coiraalgns ima s wah oalneid n i ts
morsei gniicfacnotpm one.n ts
Filnyla,s ociyo lsotgsui dnideuiavsliu dsbysmtseo fs ocyio ert
speiccpi rfolbemosfa ne ocnomi,pc oliaic,ltc ulat,luo rrs omoeht ­
erc harear,cr tihgtd owtnot eha nlasyiosfs oclpi rabolmesi nteh
prmiargyr uoposf w hiscoh cyii esct omspdeo:t heen tesre,pt rehi
worgkr o,ut pehl arogres mlals etltemnett,eh a dmisntiraateginve­
cyt,eh fa,me it.lcS yociioacllao ngaslsiyi ss buorditneia nt ihsc aes
tot eht asokfss citfeicinr egulaatnicdo onn torfso olc lpi raoscsees
withari lnea vteillyi misthpeedr. e
ohtewro drst,eh s ociioslstpo 'rgosfiseomnay bree psreetned
In
inan umrbo efs pceiazltaiio-nfsr otmeh oeritcnit aoe nngeier
antde ncihcni.Aa montgh oeb glaiotniosf t hlea titseter hs aerch
focro cnrees toluttiopo rnolsbe mosfm anageemncto ncnetedw iht
ap artiscouiclapalrr o lbemH.o wveer,i ng iviinngf ormaastt oi on
tehw ayo fa doptapi onsgsi bsloel uttihsoeon c,li oiogsitso bgltaied
tov alaithdesi c onclussoti hoatnethsp ubliocrs taatgee nmcaky­
intgh deec siiowni lhlav feu olplp ruotnittocy he kct hree lbiiyal it
4