Table Of ContentMalcolm X
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Studies in Critical
Social Sciences
Series Editor
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Editorial Board
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Chris Chase-Dunn (University of California-Riverside)
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Kimberlé W. Crenshaw (University of California, la, and
Columbia University)
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Sylvia Walby (Lancaster University)
VOLUME 88
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/scss
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Malcolm X
From Political Eschatology to Religious Revolutionary
Edited by
Dustin J. Byrd
Seyed Javad Miri
LEIDEN | BOSTON
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Cover illustration: Malcolm X at Queens Court, 1964. Photographer: Herman Hiller, World Telegram staff
photographer. Source: Library of Congress. New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/
loc.pnp/cph.3c11166.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Byrd, Dustin, editor.
Title: Malcolm X : from political eschatology to religious revolutionary /
edited by Dustin J. Byrd, Seyed Javad Miri.
Description: Boston : Brill, 2016. | Series: Studies in critical social
sciences, ISSN 1573-4234 ; VOLUME 88 | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016011512 (print) | LCCN 2016014605 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004308671 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004308688 (E-book)
Subjects: LCSH: X, Malcolm, 1925-1965.
Classification: LCC BP223.Z8 L576275 2016 (print) | LCC BP223.Z8 (ebook) |
DDC 297.8/7092--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016011512
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issn 1573-4234
isbn 978-90-04-30867-1 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-30868-8 (e-book)
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The year 2015 marked 50 years after the tragic and unjust assassination of
Malcolm X, El-hajj Malik El-Shabazz. Although the man has departed,
the vision of a just society that he embraced while on pilgrimage to Mecca
remains a potent symbol for what is still possible. This book is dedicated to
the memory of his life, the memory of his work, and to those who continue
to strive for such a just and equal society.
∵
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Contents
List of Contributors ix
1 Introduction 1
Dustin J. Byrd and Seyed Javad Miri
2 Malcolm X as Religious Peripatetic 5
William David Hart
3 On the Dialectical Evolution of Malcolm X’s Anti-Capitalist Critique:
Interrogating His Political Philosophy of Black Nationalism 37
John H. McClendon iii and Stephen C. Ferguson ii
4 Malcolm X and Revolutionary Religion: Christianity, Islam and their
Emancipatory Potentials 91
Dustin J. Byrd
5 Malcolm X and the Meccan Epistle 131
Seyed Javad Miri
6 Malcolm X – A Martyr of Freedom 141
Rudolf J. Siebert
7 “The Enemy of My Enemy”: Malcolm X and the Legacy of John
Brown 179
Louis A. DeCaro, Jr.
8 Malcolm X, Alatas and Critical Theory 195
Syed Farid Alatas
9 Malcolm X: Message to Humanity 211
John Andrew Morrow
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viii Contents
10 Malik al-Shabazz’s Practice of Self-Liberation 227
Emin Poljarevic
11 From Malcolm X to Generation Y: The African American Muslim
Community after 1965 252
Bethany Beyyette
12 From Hell to Heaven: The Malcolm X Narrative of Muslim Artists.
The Meaning of his Life in Relation to the Doctrine of Predestination for
British and American Performing Artists in the 21st Century 273
Yolanda van Tilborgh
13 Rationalization of Malcolm X’s Religious Understandings, Political
Perspectives and Organizational Objectives 321
Nuri Tinaz
Index 367
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List of Contributors
Syed Farid Alatas
is Associate Professor of Sociology at the National University of Singapore. He
obtained his Ph.D. in Sociology from the Johns Hopkins University and lec-
tured at the University of Malaya in the Department of Southeast Asian Stud-
ies prior to his appointment at Singapore. His earlier books include Alternative
Discourse in Asian Social Science: Responses to Eurocentrism (Sage, 2006) and
An Islamic Perspective on the Commitment to Inter-Religious Dialogue, (In-
stitute of Advanced Islamic Studies Malaysia, 2008). He has also edited Asian
Inter-Faith Dialogue: Perspectives on Religion, Education and Social Cohesion
(rima and the World Bank, 2003) and Asian Anthropology, with Jan van Bre-
men and Eyal Ben-Ari (Routledge, 2005). As part of his interest in creating al-
ternative social sciences, he has recently published two books on Ibn Khaldun:
Ibn Khaldun (Oxford University Press, 2013) and Applying Ibn Khaldun: The
Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology (Routledge, 2014). He is currently pre-
paring a book manuscript for publication on the social theology of Bediuzza-
man Said Nursi and is co-authoring another book on alternative social theory
(with Vineeta Sinha).
Dustin J. Byrd
is currently Assistant Professor of Humanities at Olivet College in Olivet, Mich-
igan, where he teaches religion, philosophy, western history and Arabic. He
studied Comparative Religion, at Western Michigan University, where he con-
centrated on the Critical Theory, Islam, Christian-Muslim Relations and phi-
losophy of religion. He later obtained his Ph.D. from Michigan State University
in continental philosophy, specializing in the Critical Theory of Religion. He is
especially interested in the work of the Frankfurt School and its application to
Islam and the Muslim world. He has recently published his book A Critique of
Ayn Rand’s Philosophy of Religion: The Gospel According to John Galt, with Lex-
ington Books (2015), in addition to his first book Ayatollah Khomeini and the
Anatomy of the Islamic Revolution in Iran: Towards a Theory of Prophetic Cha-
risma (2011), published by University Press of America. He is currently writing
a book on Islam in the post-Secular society.
Bethany Beyyette
is Collegiate Assistant Professor at University of Maryland University College-
Europe. She is presently at the forefront of academic research associated with
non-Arab American Islamic identities. Her research f ocuses on the experiences
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x List of Contributors
of American converts to Islam and their descendants, studying the ways ethni-
cally different American Muslims conceptualize, enact, and negotiate Islamic
practices and roles in contrast to traditionalist interpretations of individual
(e.g., speech, greetings, dress, etc.) and group (e.g., membership roles and
expectations) practices. Bethany is currently working to expand her research
on Muslim identities into Germany, focusing on interrelations between co-
religionists of different racial backgrounds.
Louis A. DeCaro Jr.
is associate professor of church history at Alliance Theological Seminary in
New York City. He holds a Ph.D. from New York University, and has written a
number of books and articles on the African American Muslim leader, Malcolm
X. However, since the late 1990s, he has been an enthusiastic student of the life
and letters of John Brown the abolitionist. His first two biographical works on
Brown are “Fire from the Midst of You”: A Religious Life of John Brown (nyu
Press, 2002), and John Brown – the Cost of Freedom (International Publish-
ers, 2007), the latter including twenty documents from Brown’s hand, some
of which have never been published. His latest are Freedom’s Dawn: The Last
Days of John Brown in Virginia, and an accompanying collection, John Brown
Speaks: Letters and Statements from (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers). Lou
has also contributed to a number of publications, including The Afterlife of
John Brown (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), and a forthcoming collection, The
Fluid Frontier: Slavery, Resistance and the Underground Railroad Along the
Detroit River. In 2007, he stood on behalf of John Brown’s induction into the
National Abolition Hall of Fame in Peterboro, n.y., and has spoken in a vari-
ety of John Brown programs in the United States and Canada. In 2009, Lou
was a keynote speaker at events in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New Haven,
Connecticut, and Lake Placid, New York in conjunction with the John Brown/
Harper’s Ferry Raid Sesquicentennial. His blog, “John Brown the Abolitionist,”
has been published since late 2005. Visit it at http://abolitionist-john-brown.
blogspot.com
Stephen C. Ferguson ii
is an associate professor at North Carolina A & T State University. He holds a
Bachelors degree in History and Philosophy with a minor in Black Studies from
the University of Missouri-Columbia and the ma and doctorate in Philosophy
from the University of Kansas. Ferguson’s areas of expertise include Africana
philosophy, philosophy of sports and social-political philosophy. He has served
as the co-editor of the Oxford Handbook on World Philosophy (Oxford Janu-
ary 2011). He is author of Philosophy of African American Studies: Nothing Left
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